科技文体的特点.ppt

科技文体特点与翻译1.科技文体的范畴科技文体可以泛指一切论及或谈及科学和技术的书面语和口语，其中包括：1.科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案；2.各类科技情报和文字资料；3.科技实用手册和操作规程；4.有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语；5.有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词，等等。2.科技英语文体总貌着重叙事逻辑上的联贯(Coherence)及表达上的明晰(Clarity)与畅达(Fluency)；避免行文晦涩，作者避免表露个人感情，避免论证上的主观随意性。科技英语结构力求平易(Plainness)和精确(Preciseness)，忌用夸张、借喻、讥讽、反诘、双关及押韵等修辞手段。3.科技文体的一般特征(1)无人称（Impersonal)(2)语气正式,概念准确,名词多(3)文体质朴,少修辞(Unadornedinstylistics)(4)逻辑性强，连词多(StrictinLogic)(5)专业术语多，表达各专业不同(ConcentratedinTechnicalTerms)4.1，无人称It句型大量使用Readingisaveryimportantlanguageskillforforeignlanguagelearners.Thesignificanceoflanguagelearningstrategiesinreadingcomprehensionisself-evident.5.2，语气正式,概念准确,名词多1)Althoughthemajorityoftunnelconstructionprojectshavebeencompletedsafely,therehavebeenseveralincidentsinvarioustunnelingprojectsthathaveresultedindelays,costoverruns,andinafewcasesmoresignificantconsequencessuchasinjuryandlossoflife.2)TheWorldHealthOrganizationestimatesthatfineparticulateairpollution(PM2.5)causesabout3%ofmortalityfromcardiopulmonarydisease,about5%ofmortalityfromcancerofthetrachea,bronchus,andlung,andabout1%ofmortalityfromacuterespiratoryinfectionsinchildrenunder5yr,worldwide.”6.3，文体质朴,少修辞1)Likeanormaldiode,theLEDconsistsofachipofsemiconductingmaterialdopedwithimpuritiestocreateap-n junction.2)TheCompleradoseisonetablettakenbymouthonceaday.Itshouldbetakenwithameal(e.g.,breakfastordinner).7.4，逻辑性强，连词、分词多1)Whendischarging,lithiumisforcedoutoftheanode(+)andintothecathode(-),andduringchargingthereverseoccurs.2）Itisgenerallythoughtthatseismicaccelerationvaluesundergroundarelessthanatthesurface,andthattherigidityofthesurroundingrockishighenoughtopreservetheshapeoftunnels.8.5，各专业义的术语多JointExpansionjoint伸缩缝Phalangealjoint指关节Rockjoint岩石节理Jointchamber电缆交接箱Lowerlinkjoint下拉杆铰链BedRoadbed路基Saltbed盐层Railbed钢轨底座Shakerbed分离筛Riverbed河床9.科技文章的句法特征（）在人称的使用上，强调文章的客观性，汉语中常使用“笔者”、“我们”、“本文”而不使用“我”来充当得出某一结论的主语；英语中则常使用Theauthorthinksthat/Theauthorshaveinvestigated/Thispaperillustrates等句式。（2）英语科技文章名词化结构用得多。（3）时态变化不明显：汉语里的动词无时态变化。英语中叙述客观事实几乎千篇一律使用现在时。（4）在语态方面，汉语中主动语态使用较多，而英语中，被动语态使用较多。（5）汉语和英语的科技文章中，句子结构都较为复杂。10.科技汉译英的方法1)名词化结构2)被动语态的应用 3)运用特殊句型和长句11.1)名词化(Nominalization)广泛使用能表示动作或状态的抽象名词“Scientific writing differs greatly from the other styles in having a highly proportion of noun phrases with complexity”(Quirk)阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理。Archimedisfirstdiscoveredtheprincipleofdisplacementofwaterbysolidbodies.比较：Archimedisfirstdiscoveredtheprinciplethatsolidbodiescoulddisplacewater.12.合同双方令人满意地履行合同义务是拓展业务和扩大合作的前提。A)ThatbothpartiesfulfilledtheContractsatisfactorilywillbethebasisforthedevelopmentofbusinessandfurthercooperation.B)ThesatisfactoryfulfillmentoftheContractbybothpartieswillbethebasisforthedevelopmentofbusinessandfurthercooperation.13.名词连用（“扩展的名词前置修饰语”ExpandedNounPremodifiers）可以有效地简化语言结构。Illuminationintensitydetermination=determinationoftheintensityofillumination照明强度测定Powertransmissionrelaysystem=arelaysystemforpowertransmission送电中继体系14.2)广泛使用被动语句根据英国利兹大学JohnSwales的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态。15.科技英语常用句型及翻译定式1,Itissupposedthat2,Itisreportedthat3,Itcanbeclearlyseenthat4,Itshouldbenotedthat5,Itmaybesafelysaidthat6,Itmustbestressedthat7,Ithasbeenprovedthat8,Itwasestimatedthat9,Itwillbeseenfromthisthat10,Itisgenerallyconsideredthat16.本文简要定性地讨论了一些基本概念。Abriefqualitativediscussionofsomebasicconceptsispresentedinthispaper.cf.Thispapergives/presentsabriefqualitativediscussionofsomebasicconcepts.17.回指释义策略在英语阅读理解中解释功能的研究【Abstract】ThiscasestudyaimedtoexploretheuseofanaphoraresolutionstrategyinEnglishreadingcomprehension.Threeresearchquestionswereaddressedasfollows:(1)WhatobstaclesdoreadersmeetinEnglishreadingcomprehension?(2)WhatistherelationshipbetweenanaphoraresolutionandEnglishreadingcomprehension?(3)HowdoesanaphoraresolutionstrategytrainingpromotereadersEnglishreadingcomprehension?18.3)运用特殊句型和长句科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型，从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。1)Itthat句型；2)其他固定结构：定义，比较,分类显然，润滑好的轴承，比不润滑的轴承容易转动。Itisevidentthatawelllubricatedbearingturnsmoreeasilythanadryone.19.和古庙正好隔河相对的那座宝塔据说是明代的建筑。A.ThepagodathatstandsfacingtheancienttempleandisseparatedfromeachotherbytheriverissaidtohavebeenbuiltintheMingDynasty.B.ItissaidthatthepagodajustacrosstheriverfromtheancienttemplewasbuiltintheMingDynasty.20.It作宾语电子设备有着巨大威力和多种用途而被广泛应用，因而使理工科学生必须熟悉电子学的实用知识。Thegreatpowerandversatilityofelectronicdevicesand,consequently,theirwidespreadapplicationmakeitimperativethatscienceandengineeringstudentsobtainaworkingfamiliaritywithelectronics.21.2)其他固定结构：定义，比较,分类计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。Computers may be classified into analog and digital.不锈钢是能抗腐蚀的合金。Stainless steel is defined as an alloy which resists corrosion.大型变压器的效率可以高达99%.Large transformers can achieve efficiencies of as much as 99%.22.长句为了表述一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，结构紧凑，科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八十个词，以下即是一例。23.Theeffortsthathavebeenmadetoexplainopticalphenomenabymeansofthehypothesisofamediumhavingthe samephysicalcharacterasanelasticsolidbodyled,inthefirstinstance,totheunderstandingofaconcreteexampleofamediumwhichcantransmittransversevibrations,andatalaterstagetothedefiniteconclusionthatthereisnoluminiferousmediumhavingthephysicalcharacterassumedinthehypothesis.为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质。这种尝试的结果，最初曾使人们以为有一种能传输横向振动的具体介质,后来人们得出结论认为所假设的那种物理性质的发光介质并不存在。24.不言而喻，本保函自开立之日起生效，开标之日起60天后失效。如果投标方及你方都同意延期，则在通知担保人的前提下，本保函在延长的有效期内依然有效，除非你方提前终止或解除本保函。It is fully understood thatthisguaranteetakeseffectfromissuingdateandshallremainvalidforaperiodof60daysafteropeningdateofthebidandduringtheperiodofanyextensionthereofthatmaybeagreeduponbetweenyouandthebidderwithnoticetothesurety,unlessterminatedand/orreleasedbyyou.25.