英国文学期末考试复习资料精排版(最全资料收集).doc

英国文学史资料
I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons

Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.
e.g. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey
Artistic features:
1. Using alliteration
Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）
Some examples on P5
2. Using metaphor and understatement
Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas

Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400

(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)
The father of English poetry.
writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.
① <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：
first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English
②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德
③ <The House of Fame>声誉之宫

Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)
Famous three：King Arthur
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Beowulf
II The Renaissance Period
A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.
Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.

Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:
1. new discoveries in geography and astrology
2. the religious reformation and economic expansion
3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture

The most famous dramatists:
Christopher Marlowe
William Shakespeare
Ben Johnson.

1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599

（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。） The poets’ poet. The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster Abbey
  ①  <The Faerie Queene>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)
The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.
Artistic features:
1. Using Spenserian Stanza
Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter.
② <The Shepherds Calendar>牧人日历
The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.
③ <Amoretti>爱情小唱n

2.  Thomasl More托马斯•莫尔1478~1535
One of the greatest English humanists
①<Utopia>乌托邦n

3.  Francisl Bacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626
（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）
Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.n
Writing style:brevity, pactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man’s reason.
①<The Advancement of Learning>学术的推进
②<Essays>随笔(famous quotas: <Of studies>)n
The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.

4. Ben Jonson
①<edy of Humours>
②<Volpone, or the fox>狐狸

5. Christopherl Marlowe柯里斯托弗•马洛1564~1595
“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama
（完善了无韵体诗。）
Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
①<The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）
②<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝n 
③<The Jew of Malta>马耳他的犹太人

6.  William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616l
 ① Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII
②Four edies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人
③Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白
④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>
Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg
A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.

III The 17th Century
  1. John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674
（诗人、政论家;失明后写 《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。）
①Epics: <Paradise Lost>失乐园n
 <Paradisen Regained>复乐园
②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙
③ <Areopagitica>论出版自由n
<The Defence of the English People>为英国人民声辩
④ <On His Blindness>我的失明
This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.
Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.

2.  John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688
（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）
Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)
①Religionary Allegory:<The Pilgrim’s Progress>天路历程n

3. John Donne
the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).
Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）
Artistic features:
1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻
2. syllogism三段论
① Meditations 沉思录
The Flea 虱子
② Songs And Sonnets
Holy Sonnets
③Valediction:<Forbidding Mourning>

IV The 18th Century
A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy
The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)
小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)
Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)

1.  Alexanderl Pope亚历山大•蒲柏1688~1744
（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）
One of the first to introduce rationalism to England.
①<An Essay on Criticism>批评论n
Artistic features:
1.Using “heroic couplets”
② <The Rape of the Lock>卷发遇劫记
③ <Moral Essays>道德论
<Essay on Man>人论n
<The Dunciad>愚人记

2.  Samuell Johnson塞缪尔•约翰逊1709~1784
      ①Dictionary =<A Dictionary of English Language>英语大词典n

3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745
（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。）
① <Gulliver’s Travels>格列佛游记(fictional work)
Four parts:
Lilliput 小人国
Brobdingnag 大人国
Flying Island 飞岛
Houyhnhnm 马岛
<A Modest Proposal>一个小小的建议n
② <The Battle of Books>书战
③ <A Tale of a Tub>木桶的故事n
④ <The Drapper’s Letters>一个麻布商的书信

4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731
（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）l
He is the first writer study of the lower-class people,hislanguage is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel.
① <Robinsonn Crusoe>鲁宾逊漂流记
It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.
Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.
It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.
② <Moll Flanders>
③ <Colonel Jacque>
④ <Captain singleton>

5. Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754
（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。）
He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “ic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.
① novels:
<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>弃婴汤姆•琼斯
<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews>约瑟夫•安德鲁
<The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great>大诗人江奈生•威尔德
<Amelia>爱米利亚n
② plays:
<The Historical Register for 1736>一七三六年历史记事
<Don Quixote in England>堂吉柯德在英国n

6. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗•格尔德斯密斯1730~1774
① poems:
 <The Traveller>旅游人
 <The Deserted Village>荒村
② novel:
 <The Vicar of Wakefield>威克菲尔德牧师传n

7.   Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德•布林斯利•施莱登1751~1816
① <The Rivals>情敌n
② <The Schooln for Scandal>造谣学校

8. William Blake威廉•布莱克1757~1827
① <Songs of Innocence>天真之歌
A happy and innocent world from children’s eye.
② <Songs of Experience>经验之歌
A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.
Include:  <The Chimney Sweeper>
<London>
<The Tyger>
Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity
Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence
③  <The Marriage of Heaven and Hell>天堂与地狱的婚姻n

9. Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796
The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.
Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗
① <John Anderson, My Jo>约翰•安德生，我的爱人
② <A Red, Red Rose>一朵红红的玫瑰n
③ <Auld Longn Syne>往昔时光
④ <A Man’s a Man for A’That>不管那一套n
⑤ <My Heart’s in then Highlands>我的心在那高原上
⑥ <Bruce At Bannockburn>
⑦ <The Tree Of Liberty>

V The Romantic Period
The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death.
Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual’s mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体)
In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, monplace.
Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).
“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district.
William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey

1. William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850
（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets）
① <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)
② <I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud>
Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace”
2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.
ment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.
③ Lines posed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey
④ The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女
② <The Prelude>序曲

2.  Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834
        The Lake Poets
① <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>古舟子颂
② <Christabel>柯里斯塔贝尔
③ <Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗
Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory
④ <Frost at Night>半夜冰霜
⑤ <Dejection, an Ode>忧郁颂
⑥ <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)

3.  George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824
（拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。）l
“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.
① <Don Juan>唐•璜
<Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage>恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记
<Cain>该隐
② <When We Two Parted>当初我们俩分别
<She Walks In Beauty>
4.  Persy Bysshe Shelley波西•比希•雪莱1792~1822
① Poetic Drama：<Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普罗米修斯
Theme: the drama celebraies man’s victory over tyranny and oppression
② <Queen Mab>麦布女王
<Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰的反叛
<The Cenci>钦契一家
<A Defence of Poetry>诗辩
<The Necessity of Atheism>无神论的必要性
③ Lyrics:
<Ode to the West Wind>西风颂
Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. pare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill e to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.
ment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.
Artistic features:
Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe …)
<To a Skylark>致云雀

5.  Johnl Keats约翰•济慈1795~1821
(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。)
    ① Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn>希腊古瓮颂
<Ode to a Nightingale>夜莺颂
<Ode to Psyche>心灵颂
<Ode On Melancholy> 忧郁颂
② <To Autumn>秋颂n
Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem, "To Autumn", is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader.
ment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.

6.  Jane Austen简•奥斯丁1775~1817l
She pared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire.
① <Sense and Sensibility>理智与感情
<Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢与偏见(chapter I)
【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved
【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood
【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money.
【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】ic characters
<Mansfield Park>曼斯菲尔德庄园
<Emma>爱玛
<Northanger Abbey>诺桑觉寺
<Persuasion>劝导

7. Walterl Scott沃尔特•斯科特1771~1832
(历史小说之父”)Father of history novels
① <Rob Roy> 罗伯•罗伊
② <Ivanhoe> 艾凡赫

VI The Victorian Period
mon sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the mon people and everyday events.

1.  Charles Dickens查尔斯•狄更斯1812~1870
（批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer
① <The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club>匹克威克外传
② <Oliver Twist>奥利弗•特维斯特（雾都孤儿）
③ <The Old Curiosity Shop>老古玩店
④  <A Christmas Carol>圣诞颂歌
⑤ <Dombey and Son>董贝父子
⑥ <David Copperfield>大卫•科波菲尔
⑦ <Bleak House>荒凉山庄
<Hard Times>艰难时世
⑧ <A Tale of Two Cities>双城记(London & Paris)
⑨ <Great Expectations>远大前程
⑩ <Our Mutual Friend>我们共同的朋友 

2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉•麦克匹斯•萨克雷1811~1863
①<Vanity Fair> or a Novel without a Hero名利场(the name is an excerpt from <The Pilgrim’s Progress>by John Bunyan)
②<The Book Of Snobs>

3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂•勃朗特1816~1855
① <Jane Eyre>简•爱
Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a boverness at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester.
It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood School
It is a successful introduction to the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for