软骨损伤讲课-PPT.pptx
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1、软骨损伤讲课软骨损伤讲课正常关节软骨v病理基础:透明软骨结构:4层。表层、中间层、柱状层、钙化软骨、软骨下骨。(有清晰得潮线)胶原成分:型胶原基质成分:葡糖醛胺(硫酸软骨素、硫酸角质素等),水分。透明软骨得成分 v水 65-80%v基质 晶体样网状结构 (lattice-type framework)胶原 II V IX X XI 蛋白聚糖(proteoglycans)v软骨细胞(chondrocyte)分泌基质不能再生Lattice-like position功能单位(functional organization unit)v切线区 tangential zonev中间区 intermed
2、iate zonev钙化软骨 calcified cartilage v潮线 tidemarkOrganization of the cartilage unithistology of group 2In group 2,the result was close to that of normal cartilageIn group 2,the result was close to that of normal cartilageIn group 2,the result was close to that of normal cartilageIn group 2,the result
3、was close to that of normal cartilage、The surface layer was smooth,chondrocyte was well-The surface layer was smooth,chondrocyte was well-The surface layer was smooth,chondrocyte was well-The surface layer was smooth,chondrocyte was well-distributed and well-arranged,no cluster was found,the distrib
4、uted and well-arranged,no cluster was found,the distributed and well-arranged,no cluster was found,the distributed and well-arranged,no cluster was found,the tidemark was plete,the staining of toluidine blue was eventidemark was plete,the staining of toluidine blue was eventidemark was plete,the sta
5、ining of toluidine blue was eventidemark was plete,the staining of toluidine blue was even、营养来源v关节液:渗透(挤压)v软骨下骨一、关节软骨损伤得病理分型v目前关节镜下关节软骨损伤得病理分型尚无统一标准。v1976年 Jackson对髌骨软骨软化得镜下表现提出III级分型。v1988年 Bauer 与 Jackson 根据关节镜下股骨髁软骨损伤得表现将其分为VI型。v我们所根据关节软骨得组织结构特点,将软骨损伤分为IV度。JACKSON髌骨软骨软化得镜下髌骨软骨软化得镜下III级分型级分型v第I级(G
6、rade I)用探钩可探及软骨变软,有得表面有小裂隙,还可发现典型得囊性改变。JACKSON髌骨软骨软化得镜下髌骨软骨软化得镜下III级分型级分型v第二级(Grade II)软骨表面囊状改变,呈“蟹肉蟹肉”样外观。大家学习辛苦了,还就是要坚持继续保持安静继续保持安静JACKSON髌骨软骨软化得镜下髌骨软骨软化得镜下III级分型级分型v第III级(Grade III)软骨下骨外露。Bauer&Jackson 股骨髁软骨损伤分型vI 型型(线样裂缝型线样裂缝型)线样裂缝,有时也可深达软骨下骨。Bauer&Jackson 股骨髁软骨损伤分型vII型型(星状裂纹型星状裂纹型)软骨表面出现一系列裂纹,呈
7、星状,中心部常有小片剥脱。Bauer&Jackson 股骨髁软骨损伤分型vIII 型型(瓣状型瓣状型)软骨裂开、翻起呈瓣状,翻起得瓣常呈三角形,常在股骨髁得负重区。Bauer&Jackson 股骨髁软骨损伤分型vIV型型(火山口型火山口型)软骨小块剥脱,常为全层,缺口周边得软骨与下面得骨分离,呈火山口状。Bauer&Jackson 股骨髁软骨损伤分型vV型型(纤维化型纤维化型)软骨改变呈细得纤维状或絮状,负重区多见。Bauer&Jackson 股骨髁软骨损伤分型vVI 型型(退变型退变型)软骨表面呈大小不等得剥脱,深浅不一,股骨髁、滑车、髌骨、胫骨平台均可出现运医软骨损伤分型vI 度度 软骨表
8、面失去光泽,呈黄色或灰白色,或软骨表面有一层薄膜。运医软骨损伤分型vII 度度 软骨表面呈纤维状、絮状,或呈结节状隆起,或呈囊泡样改变用探钩探之有凹陷运医软骨损伤分型vIII 度 软骨改变呈索条状,凹凸不平,有得有小片剥脱(非全层)、龟裂,有得表现为瓣状,翻起得瓣不规则。运医软骨损伤分型vIV 度度 除有III度得表现外,或有全层得缺损,呈火山口样,或大面积剥脱,周边得软骨与下面得骨分离。Outbridge分级四度:关节镜下分级v变软v毛糙(不超过软骨厚度1/2)v龟裂(超过软骨厚度1/2)v剥脱三度(关节镜)Outer-bridge分型Outebridge I 型II型Outebridge
9、II 型Outebridge III 型Outebridge IV 型ICRS分型v0-4v0:正常v1-2:损伤不超过50%v3:损伤超过50%v4:损伤至软骨下骨2度度The surface layer was not flat;little fissure was present;The surface layer was not flat;little fissure was present;The surface layer was not flat;little fissure was present;The surface layer was not flat;little fi
10、ssure was present;loss of toluidine blue was seen in surface layerloss of toluidine blue was seen in surface layerloss of toluidine blue was seen in surface layerloss of toluidine blue was seen in surface layer、3度度 There was defect at the surface,cluster of chondrocyteThere was defect at the surface
11、,cluster of chondrocyte was found;Loss of toluidine blue was seen was found;Loss of toluidine blue was seen、4度度Large areas of fibrosis,until the deep layer,was seen in cartilage,Large areas of fibrosis,until the deep layer,was seen in cartilage,amount of cells decreased,the tidemark disappear,the ca
12、lcified amount of cells decreased,the tidemark disappear,the calcified cartilage layer was difficult to distinguishcartilage layer was difficult to distinguish、Loss of toluidine blue Loss of toluidine blue was seen in most part of cartilagewas seen in most part of cartilage、1度度the formation like rid
13、ge and ditch lose its order at the surface layer of cartilagethe formation like ridge and ditch lose its order at the surface layer of cartilage、2度与度与3度度the collagen fiber was exposedthe collagen fiber was exposed the gap was present in surface layer,the gap was present in surface layer,the collagen
14、 fiber broken and exposedthe collagen fiber broken and exposed、4度度volcanic crater cartilage loss was seen,the bone beneath the cartilagevolcanic crater cartilage loss was seen,the bone beneath the cartilage was exposed,around which the broken collagen fiber revealed was exposed,around which the brok
15、en collagen fiber revealed 软骨分区髌股关节胫股关节v负重区:分度v非负重区:半月板区、脂肪垫区、边缘区损伤后得愈合机制重要结论v膝关节损伤后关节内释放软骨降解因子进一步破坏软骨 v非全层软骨缺损不会愈合但可以保持静止(partial thickness)v全层软骨缺损会有纤维软骨愈合(full thickness)v2cm者退变得可能性很大且会出现症状及功能受限损伤后得愈合机制v过去观点:1度损伤、2、3度损伤、4度损伤均无法恢复,或许表面修复成纤维软骨,但一般不平整。v最新观点:软骨损伤仍有自我修复能力(2010ICRS)。病因v劳损v外伤v炎症破坏v失营养(固定
16、)临床表现v急性:软骨损伤或软骨骨折 急性创伤性滑膜炎表现:关节积液,疼痛,活动受限。v慢性:反复肿胀、疼痛,有时有卡感或交锁(不固定且不顽固),活动受限(日常活动尚可)诊断v症状v辅助检查:核磁:序列要全。(T1W1,T2W1,T2W1-fsT1)。三维扰相脂肪抑制梯度回波(3D-WATS)序列(测量胫骨平台软骨厚度较好)T2弛豫时间图(T2mapping)自然转归v持续加重,重度骨性关节炎 全层软骨损伤后大多只能修复为纤维软骨(I型胶原)其弹性硬度耐磨性都远不如透明软骨(II IV IX胶原)易于出现骨关炎早期处理得重要v早期治疗得效果明显好于创伤性骨关节病得后期治疗。软骨损伤得预后影响因
17、素 v病因学 急 慢性 外伤v缺损厚度 outerbridge分型v大小 10cm v包含性 (containment)v部位 股骨 胫骨 髌骨软骨损伤得预后影响因素1 v韧带稳定性v半月板完整性v力线v治疗经过:手术史vx-ray /MRIv系统疾病:RA HLA B27 红斑狼疮 糖尿病 肥胖v家族史 胶原病治疗急性期:v一般软骨损伤:休息,对症处理v软骨骨折或剥脱性骨软骨炎:如果移位不明显,可石膏固定3月。移位明显,手术固定(软骨钉)v非功能区:关节边缘非负重区,(膝关节)脂肪垫区、半月板区边缘、滑车脊。骨软骨切线骨折得处理1、骨折块较小予以去除,创面钻孔。2、骨折块较大(新鲜)可清理创
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