动词不定式的用法讲解及练习题北京四中.doc

北 京 四 中
撰稿老师：黄  浩    编审老师：蔡正礼    责任编辑：丁  华
动词不定式的用法讲解及练习题　　
    不定式既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词，形容词和副词的句法功能
    否定式：not +不定式
    不定式的时态
    一般说来，不定式一般式表示的动作有时与限定动词表示的动作同时发生，也有时发生在限定动词表示的动作之后。如：
    Who heard him say that?
    He seems to know this.　
    I hope to see you again.
    不定式进行式表示动作正在进行，通常与限定动词表示的动作同时发生，如：
    They are said to be building another bridge across the river.
    I happened to be going that way too.
    不定式完成式表示的动作发生在限定动词表示的动作之前，如：
    I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.
    I am glad to have seen your mother.
     不定式的句法功能：
    （1）作主语
    To talk with him is a great pleasure.
    不定式短语作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而把不定式短语置于谓语动词之后，如：
    It's nice to hear your voice.
    （2）作表语
    Her wish is to become an artist. 　
    （3）作宾语
    常用于及物动词: want , hope, wish, like, need, hate, offer, prefer, begin, start, attempt, decide, determine, expect, promise, pretend, refuse ,afford, manage, help等之后，如：
    You should continue to learn as long as you live.
    注1：如果作宾语的不定式又有自己的补语，则须用先行词it 作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语不定式后置，如：
    They found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 　
    注2：不定式一般不能作介词的宾语，只有在极少数介词如:but, except等后边才行。此时不定式可以带to或不带to,如：
    In very cold winter weather a cold-blooded animal has no choice but to lie down and sleep.
    There was nothing left to do but clean the windows.(前边有do, to 省略)
    但“疑问词+不定式”结构可以作介词的宾语，如：
    I have no idea about what to do next. 　
    （4）作宾语补足语
　　通常用于及物动词或动词短语：want ,wish, ask, order, beg, tell, permit, know, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, require, call on, wait for等之后，如：
　　The teacher asked the students to hand in their homework.
    （5）作定语
　　不定式作定语时，须放在被它修饰的名词或代词之后。被修饰的名词或代词往往是不定式的逻辑宾语。
    I have a lot of work to do.
    当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，又可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。所以如果修饰名词的不定式的动作是主语作的, 不定式用主动。
    试比较：
    Have you anything to send?
    你有什么东西要寄吗？(不定式to send 的逻辑主语是you)
    Have you anything to be sent?
    你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗？(不定式to be sent的逻辑主语是已被省略的me或someone else)
    I've got letters to write.
    He has something to say to you. 　
    （6）作状语
    作修饰动词的目的状语
    We must do everything we can to help them.
    作修饰动词的结果状语
    加强意料不到的语气，在表示结果的不定式前还可加only，如：
    I went to see him only to find him out. 　
    作修饰表语形容词的状语: 修饰形容词的不定式用主动:
    The chair is comfortable to sit in.
    作结果状语或程度状语。
    too+形容词(或副词)+to do 太-----(以致)不能(做)
    It is too dark for us to see anything in the room.
    形容词(或副词)+ enough +to do　 -------足以(做)
    Is the boy old enough to go to school? 　
    （7）作独立成分
    To tell you the truth
    To cut a long story short
    To begin with (首先) 　
    不定式的复合结构“for+名词(或代词宾语)+to do sth.”
    这种结构中的for本身无意义，for后的名词或代词(宾格)是不定式的逻辑主语
    This is for you to decide.
    句型1：It is + for sb. to do sth.
    句型2：It is + of sb. to do sth.
    good, kind, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, rude, impolite, careless, naughty等
    不定式省去to的情况
    （1）当两个或两个以上的不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to ，后面的不定式往往把to省去。如：
    I wished to finish my homework and (to )get away.
    但是，如果是在对照的场合，则不可以省去 “to”，如：
    It is better to laugh than cry. (wrong)
    （2）在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, listen to ,look at和使役动词let, make, have的复合宾语中，不定式须省去to。如：
    I am a doctor. Let me examine you.
    （3）在help的复合宾语中，不定式可以带to也可以不带to.
    He often helps me (to)do my home work.
    （4）had better, had best, would rather, would rather--- than, cannot but , --- You'd better remain where you are. 　
精选练习
Ⅰ、翻译句子
    1. ________________________________(保卫祖国) is our sacred duty. 
    2. It is an honor __________________________(全心全意为人民服务). 
    3. It was not correct ________________________(那样谈话). 
    4. It was a mistake ____________________(不继续这项工作). 
    5. It was stupid _______________________(我没有采纳你的意见). 
    6. Her wish is ___________________(当一名科学家). 
    7. Our main task is _________________(努力学习). 
    8. The main purpose of a camera is ______________(照相). 
    9. What worries me is ___________________(在会上该说些什么). 
    10. What I wanted was _______________________(使这项工作尽快完成). 
    11. I forget ___________________________(在信里提那件事了). 
    12. Without hesitation Lao Li stopped his truck and helped _____________________ (把一袋袋的粮食运到安全的地方). 
    13. Would you like ___________________________(出席这次会议). 
    14. I'll show you ____________________________(怎样使用计算器). 
    15. I found ________________________________(不可能使她改变主意). 
    16. The doctor told _____________________________(病人们好好休息). 
    17. I didn't expect ______________________________(问题那样复杂). 
    18. Did you notice ______________________________(有人离开房子吗)? 
    19. Man must make _______________________________(地球养活更多的人). 
    20. You must get _________________________________(他今晚到这里来一趟). 
    21. Do you have __________________________________(什么问题要问)? 
    22. John Baird found _______________________________(用无线电传送图像的方法). 
    23. There are ______________________________________(很多事情要谈) 
    24. He is not _________________________________(只想自己的人). 
    25. It's time __________________________________(你起床). 
    26. He was delighted ____________________________(看见她身体这样好). 
    27. This book is _______________________________(不容易懂). 
    28. He liked new clothes so much that he spent all his time and all his money ________(为了穿得漂亮). 
    29. You must speak louder ________________________(以便让大家都听见). 
    30. She was ______________________________(气得说不出一句话来).
Ⅱ、单项选择
　　1. The teacher told them ________ make so much noise. 
　　A. don't 　　 B. not　　 C. will not　　 D. not to 
　　2. Our master often told us _______ things for granted. 
　　A. not to have 　　　　 B. not to take 
　　C. didn't take 　　　　D. not to make 
　　3. Tell him _______ the window. 
　　A. to shut not 　　　　B. not to shut 
　　C. to not shut 　　　 D. not shut 
　　4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______. 
　　A. not to 　　B. not to do 　　C. not do it 　　D. do not to 
　　5. Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ________ after drinking. 
　　A. never to drive　　　　B. to never drive 
　　C. never driving　　　　 D. never drive 
　　6. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation. 
　　A. to eat not　　 B. eating not 　　C. not to eat　　 D. not eating 
　　7. The workers want us ________ together with them. 
　　A. work　　 B. working 　　C. to work　　 D. worked 
　　8. They would not allow him ________ across the enemy line. 
　　A. to risk going 　　　　 B. risking to go 
　　C. for risk to go　　　　 D. risk going 
　　9. I saw him _______ out of the room. 
　　A. go 　　B. had gone 　　C. has gone 　　D. goes 
　　10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _______ up from childhood. 
　　A. grow　　 B. grew 　　C. was growing 　　D. to grow 
　　11. I've heard him _______ about you often. 
　　A. spoke　　 B. speaks 　　C. speak
　　12. Though he had often made his little sister _______, today he was made ______by his little sister. 
　　A. cry；to cry　　　　 B. crying；crying 
　　C. cry；cry　　　　　　D. to cry；cry 
　　13. He was made _________. 
　　A. go 　　B. gone 　　C. going 　　D. to go 
　　14. John was made _______ the truck for a week as a punishment. 
　　A. to wash　　 B. washing 　　C. wash　　 D. to be washing 
　　15. Paul doesn't have to be made _______. He always works hard. 
　　A. learn　　 B. to learn 　　C. learned　　 D. learning 
　　16. There're so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind _______ to buy. 
　　A. what 　　B. which 　　C. how 　　D. where 
　　17. There isn't any difference between the two. I really don't know _________. 
　　A. where to choose　　　　 B. which to choose 
　　C. to choose what 　　　　 D. to choose which 
　　18. “ Have you decided when ________?” 
　　“ Yes, tomorrow morning.” 
　　A. to leave　　　　　　　 B. to be leaving 
　　C. will you leave　　　　 D. are you leaving 
　　19. Last summer I took a course on ________. 
　　A. how to make dresses　　　　　　B. how dresses be made 
　　C. how to be made dresses　　　　 D. how dresses to be made 
　　20. He doesn't know ______ to stay or not. 
　　A. whether 　　B. if 　　C. either　　 D. if he will 
　　21. She pretended _______ me when I passed by. 
　　A. not to see　　　　 B. not seeing 
　　C. to not see　　　　 D. having not seen 
　　22. --- The light in the office is still on. 
　　　　--- Oh, I forgot _______. 
　　A. turning it off　　　　 B. turn it off 
　　C. to turn it off 　　　　D. having turned it off 
　　23. We agreed _________ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet. 
　　A. having met 　　B. meeting 　　C. to meet　　 D. to have met 
　　24. Little Jim should love _______ to the theatre this evening. 
　　A. to be taken　　 B. to take 　　C. being taken　　 D. taking 
　　25. I would love ______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. 
　　A. to go 　　B. to have gone 　　C. going 　　D. having gone 
　　26. Frank is the kind of person who people like to ________. 
　　A. make friend with 　　　　B. make friends of 
　　C. make friends 　　　 　　 D. make friends with 
　　27. Go on ________ the other exercise after you have finished this one. 
　　A. to do 　　B. doing 　　C. with 　　D. to be doing 
　　28. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _______ on a big rock by the side of the path. 
　　A. to have rested　　 B. resting 　　C. to rest 　　D. rest 
　　29. Tom kept quiet about the accident ________ lose his job. 
　　A. so not as to 　　　　 B. so as not to 
　　C. so as to not 　　　　D. not so as to 
　　30. I need a day or two ________. 
　　A. to think it over　　 B. to think over 　　C. of thinking 
　　31. He was too excited _________. 
　　A. speak 　　B. to speak 　　C. not to speak　　 D. speaking 
　　32. Charles Babbage is generally considered ________ the first computer. 
　　A. to invent　　　　　　　 B. inventing 
　　C. to have invented　　　 D. having invented 
　　33. He said he would rather not _______ it right now. 
　　A. doing 　　B. to do 　　C. do 　　D. to be doing 
　　34. Rather than _______ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _______ a bicycle. 
　　A. ride； ride 　　　　　 B. riding； ride 
　　C. ride； to ride　　　　 D. to ride； riding 
　　35. It's freezing outside. You _______ put on your overcoat. 
　　A. had better to 　　　　B. had better 
　　C. would better　　　　　D. would better to 
　　36. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _______. 
　　A. sit 　　B. sit on 　　C. be sit 　　D. be sat on 
　　37. I'm hungry. Get me something _________. 
　　A. eat 　　B. to eat 　　C. eating 　　D. for eating 
　　38. --- I usually go there by train. 
　　　　--- Why not _______ by boat for a change? 
　　A. to try going 　　　　 B. trying to go 
　　C. to try and go 　　　　D. try going 
　　39. She did nothing _______ at the photo. 
　　A. except look　　　　　　B. but to look 
　　C. except to look　　　　 D. but looking 
　　40. I asked him to _______ me a few minutes so that we could go over all the problems. 
　　A. spend 　　B. spare 　　C. save 　　D. share 
　　41. They won't let their teacher _______ in that way. 
　　A. to be treated　　　　 B. being treated 
　　C. treated　　　　　　　 D. be treated 
　　42. John, you must get your room ________ after breakfast. 
　　A. to be cleaned　　　　 B. to clean 
　　C. cleaning　　　　　　　D. cleaned 
　　43. The problem _______ at tomorrow's meeting is a very difficult one. 
　　A. being discussed　　　　 B. discussed 
　　C. to be discussed　　　　 D. to discuss 
　　44. He reached the station _____ only _____ that the train had just left. 
　　A. tired； learned　　　　　　B. tiring； learning 
　　C. to tire； to learn　　　　 D. tired； to learn 
　　45. --- Did that book give the information you needed? 
　　　　--- Yes, but ______, we had to read it almost entirely. 
　　A. for finding it　　　　 B. to find it 
　　C. finding it 　　　　　　D. by finding it 
　　46. I'm sorry I forgot ______your dictionary. Let's borrow one from Li Ming. 
　　A. to take 　　B. taking 　　C. to bring 　　D. bringing 
　　47. She couldn't decide which restaurant _______. 
　　A. to have lunch　　　　 B. to eat 
　　C. to eat at 　　　　　　D. eating at 
　　48. This problem is said _____ three times. 
　　A. to have been talked　　　　　 B. to have discussed 
　　C. having been discussed　　　　 D. to have been talked about 
　　49. Everybody believed the man ______ away the diamond ring. 
　　A. be taken　　 B. taking 　　C. to take　　 D. to have taken 
　　50. I prefer ____ rather than ______. 
　　A. read； watch　　　　　　　 B. to read； watch 
　　C. reading； to watch　　　　 D. to read； to watch 

参考答案：
Ⅰ、
　　1. To defend our motherland 
　　2. to serve the people heart and soul 
　　3. to talk like that 
　　4. not to go on with the work 
　　5. of me not to take your advice 
　　6. to be a scientist 
　　7. to study hard 
　　8. to take photographs 
　　9. what to say at the meeting 
　　10. to get the work done as quickly as possible 
　　11. to mention it in the letter 
　　12. to carry the sacks of grain to safety 
　　13. to be present at the meeting ( to attend the meeting) 
　　14. how to use the computer 
　　15. it impossible to make her change her mind 
　　16. the patients to take a good rest 
　　17. the problem to be so complicated 
　　18. anyone leave the house 
　　19. the earth support more people 
　　20. him to come over here this evening 
　　21. any question to ask 
　　22. a way to send pictures by wireless 
　　23. a lot of things to talk about 
　　24. a man to think only of himself 
　　25. for you to get up 
　　26. to see her in such good health 
　　27. not easy to understand 
　　28. in order to be well dressed 
　　29. so as to be heard by everybody 
　　30. too angry to say a word
Ⅱ、
　　1-5 DBBAA　　　 6-10 CCAAA　　  11-15 CADAB　　 16-20 BBAAA 
　　21-25 ACCAB 　　26-30 DACBA　　 31-35 BCCCB　　 36-40 BBDAB 
　　41-45 DDCDB　　 46-50 CCDDB　　　 　　 
　　附：部分题目解析：
　　1．tell sb. not to do sth.告诉某人不做某事 
　　2．take sth. for granted “把某事想当然”， 是一个固定词组。
　　Eg. You shouldn't take it for granted that everyone should help you.你不要认为每个人都理应帮助你。 
　　4. 不定式的省略要保留到to,否则就完整地表达， 如:…but his mother told him not to do so. 
　　5. warn sb. not to do sth. 此处用never替代not. 
　　8. allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事；risk doing sth.冒险做某事 
　　9. see sb. do sth.看见某人做某事 
　　12. make sb. do 让某人做某事， 但用于被动结构后， 则要用不定式符号to连接。 
　　16．which 用于有范围中的“哪一个”， 此处作buy的宾语。 
　　18．when +to do 做decide的宾语， 若用when引导宾语从句，用陈述句语序。 
　　21. pretend to do 假装做某事。 
　　22．forget to do sth. 忘记（要）做某事。 
　　24．should love to be taken to …愿意被带去…… 
　　25．因为状语是last night，用不定式的完成式表示本想…… 
　　27．go on to do sth. 继续做（与原来不相同的）事。此句可以从the other exercise断定。 
　　28．stop to do sth. 停下来（去）做…… 
　　32．被动语态后用不定式连接，根据句意用完成式。 
　　33．would rather not do sth. 宁愿不做某事。 
　　34．prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿做……不愿做…… 
　　37．to eat 此处作something 的定语。for +doing多表用途。 
　　38．why not do sth.…“为什么不……” ；try doing sth.试一试 
　　39．Do nothing but do sth.　 此处用except替代but 
　　40．spare sb. sth.匀出、腾出……， 宾语为sb.； share分享， 宾语为sth. 
　　41．let sb. do, 此处用的是被动语态 
　　42．get sth. done让某事被做 
　　44．tired此处是过去分词， 表示主语的状态。only to learn…此处的不定式表结果。 
　　45．此处的to find it, 表示目的 
　　47．to eat at the restaurant, 介词at不能丢 
　　48．此处使用的是不定式的完成被动式。表示“曾经被讨论过三次”。