非谓语动词考点总结归纳.doc

非谓语动词考点总结归纳非谓语动词包括不定式，动名词和分词。它们是高中所学的基础语法，也是高考必考内容。既是高考的难点又是高考的热点。真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识：具有句子结构的知识，会分析句子成分。具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识，要分得清双宾语和复合宾语。具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分得清及物动词和不及物动词。具备各种复合句的知识，能够拆析复合句和长难句。1 三种非谓语动词的构成及变化形式。不定式主动被动 一般形式（本身包含将去做的含义）To doTo be done进行形式To be doing -完成形式To have done To have been done动词的ING 形式主动被动一般形式（本身包含正在进行的含义） Ving Being Ved 完成形式Having Ved Having been Ved 过去分词 done （无变化）所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是把否定副词not,never放在非谓语动词的前面。2.三种非谓语动词形式句法功能比较 功能种类主宾 表 定状 补不定式 动名词 分词 考点一：非谓语作主语。1. 在很多情况下没有明显的不同. Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe.2. 不定式做主语 表示某一次具体的,特定的或有待实现的动作, 而动名词则表示通常的情况. eg:To tell him the truth would be the best. / Painting is an art.动词不定式（短语）作主语时，另一种形式是在句首用先行代词it作形式主语，而将动词不定式（短语）移到谓语之后作真正主语。用于这种形式是一些特定形容词，动词和名词1)形容词作表语It is adj/n.(for sb.) to do sth. （常见的形容词是：necessary,important,possible等） It is adj./n.(of sb.) to do sth. (常见的形容词是clever,stupid,foolish,wise,cruel等)2)常见的动词有：require, cost, amuse, delight, annoy等eg: It takes much time to do sth./ It didnt occur to me to ask him to help me.3)一些名词作表语eg: It seems a pity to waste them./It is a great pleasure to do this./It is a good idea to think this way动名词做主语时 常用的句型有：It is nice doing sth./Its foolish doing sth./It is useless doing that/Its a waste of time doing this. /Its worth ones while doing sth./ Its no good (use) doing that.Its an awful job doing this. /Its fun doing this.There is/ was no sense in doing/no point in doing 考点二：非谓语动词作宾语 详细见5+3 P70-72页补充:1.begin和start在下列三种情况下, 通常跟不定式, 不跟动名词 1) 当begin和start的主语是无生命之物时. eg: Snow began to melt.2) 当begin和start用于进行时时. eg: He is beginning to study English.3) 当begin和start后面跟着一些表示心理状态的词时. eg: I began to believe his story.2. be afraid to do 不敢去做 be afraid of doing 害怕发生某事3. be sure to do 一定会 be sure of doing 确信会 eg: Tom is sure to pass the exam.(说话人的看法, 认为Tom 一定会考试通过.) Tom is sure of passing the exam. ( Tom 对自己通过考试很有把握.)考点三：非谓语动词作表语不定式、动名词、分词做表语： 1. 不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作。不定式一般紧跟在系动词如: be, seem, remain, appear等后面, 用来说明主语的内容。这类结构中的主语一般为名词，如：idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention,wish, dream, etc. eg. My purpose is to teach them a lesson. l 有时句子主语也可以是不定式或名词性从句。 eg:To be strict with students is to be responsible for them. What I want to do is (to )tell you the truth. 如果主语中含有do的任何形式, 那么不定式可以省去to. 2. 动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语位置可互换，动名词常用于口语中。 Its full-time job is laying eggs. 3. 分词做表语: 现在分词作表语:一般表示主动或主语的性质和特征, “令人”的, 主语多数情况是sth. 过去分词作表语: 一般表示被动或说明主语情感心理上的感受, “感到的”,主语多数是sb. exciting, excited/annoying, annoyed /amazing, amazed /boring, bored/confusing, confused/ encouraging, encouraged /embarrassing, embarrassed /frightening, frightened等考点四：非谓语动词作宾语补足语 详细见5+3 P68-70页补充：1.动词+宾语+不带to的不定式: 常用动词: feel (一感) ; hear, listen to(二听); make, let, have(三让); see, watch, observe, notice, look at(五看);help(半帮助,可带to或不带to)etc. 注意一：但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to.注意二：一定要注意动词与宾语直接的主动还是被动关系 make oneself understood/heard解题技巧： 牢记固定搭配，辩逻辑关系。不定式和分词作宾语补足语是考察的重点 还要仔细分析非谓语所表示的动作与谓语动作发生的先后问题。l 固定句型sb/sth be said/believed/ reported/ considered/ thought to do /to be doing /to have done 要分清 eg. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying考点五：非谓语动词作定语 详细见5+3 P67-68页解题诀窍：找所修饰的词，辩逻辑关系，析动作先后与被修饰的名词或代词是主动关系与被修饰的名词或代词是被动关系正在进行doing being + done将要去做 to do to be done 已经完成 无done 考点六：非谓语作状语 详细见5+3 P66-67页非谓语动词作状语1)多表示伴随状态，或事情发生的原因，结果，时间，条件等。作状语2)分词要和句子主语 关系保持一致1不定式 1）表示目的，很常用。作目的状语只能是不定式，也可用in order to / so as to +动词原形(不能放句首)2）表示结果，很常用。不定式做结果状语的固定搭配 only to do too +adj/adv to doso +adj/adv as to do ， such +n as to do adj/ adv enough to do only（just） to do 常表示意想不到或不愉快的结果。 3）表示原因 eg.He laughed to see them fall down./He wept to hear the news.4）表示选择和比较 eg.She opened her lips as through to speak./ He would die rather than give in. 2.分词 解题诀窍：找逻辑主语，辨逻辑关系，析动作先后 语法作用：1）表示时间，相当于表示时间，相当于状语从句when, while。常用于连词When, before, while, after, since等后面。也可以省略连词 eg. When allowed, we are supposed to come into the room. Having finished his work, he had a walk. 2) 表示原因 相当于原因状语从句because, since, for 和 as。 eg. Not understanding this, he asked the teacher about it. 3）表示条件，相当于条件状语从句if eg. Given more time, I can finish the work. 4) 表示让步，相当于让步状语从句 though, although。 eg. Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. 5) 表示结果，相当于结果状语从句，这种分词前通常有thus 或thereby。 eg. Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. 6) 表示方式或伴随情况，分词短语没有相当的状语从句，汉译时一般译成并列复合句 eg. They shook hands, smiling at each other.The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. 7）表示方式 eg. He sat there, as though waiting.考点七：非谓语动词的独立主格结构 详细见5+3 P67页1 独立主格结构的句法功能 在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等;有时还可以做定语1)作时间状语 Spring coming ,the fields are full of life . 2)作条件状语 Weather permitting ,we will have a picnic this Sunday . 3)作原因状语 There being no bus ,they had no choice but to take a taxi . 4)作伴随状语或补充说明 The prisoner stood there ,his hands raised . (伴随状语)We met many guests ,most of them Americans.(补充说明)5)作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.注意一：“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。2动词独立主格结构构成 独立主格结构可分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作1)动名词的复合结构: (若动名词的逻辑主语为无生命的东西,只用普通格) 物主代词或名词所有格+ 动名词(作主语、宾语、表语) 代词宾格或名词普通格+ 动名词(作宾语、表语) 2)不定式“独立主格结构”构成为：名词代词（主格）不定式，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 eg: His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）3)-ing形式“独立主格结构”动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。可以表示时间，原因，条件，方式状语eg: Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. （=时间状语从句When everyone was ready）The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.（=原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）My health allowing, I will work far into the night. （=条件状语从句If my health allows）4)-ed形式“独立主格结构” 与逻辑主语+动词的-ing一样，若-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。 eg:The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.注意二：动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。 eg:1.)The manager looks worried，many things to settle.（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle） The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）2)The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行） The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）注意三：独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下;其他情况可以省略 eg: There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。(作宾语时, 通常用there to be结构。Members like there to be plenty of choice.)eg: It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。eg: He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being）= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.eg: School over, we all went home.（school和over之间省去了being）= School was over, and we all went home.eg: He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us. 注意四：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。eg:The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）6、 with、without 引导的独立主格结构 介词withwithout +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。A with+名词代词+形容词 eg.He doesnt like to sleep with the windows open.B with+名词代词+副词 eg.Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.C with+名词代词+介词短语eg.He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.D with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式eg.With his homework done, Peter went out to play.E with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式eg.The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.F with+名词代词+动词不定式 eg.The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.提示：在with/without 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。 Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.（without不能省略）考点八：有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。（悬浮式分词）这些短语有：Generally speaking （总的说来），Frankly speaking （坦率地说），Judging from （从判断），Supposing （假设），admitting that, supposing that, provided (that), regarding, seeing that, concerning that, granted,有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest（老实说），to be sure （确实），to tell you the truth （说实话），to cut a long story short （长话短说），to be frank （坦率地说），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。5