成本与管理会计-亨格瑞-第13版-英文版-CA16.ppt

Cost Allocation:Joint Products and ByproductsCHAPTER 162024/4/15 周一1Learning objectivesuIdentify the splitoff point in a joint-cost situationuDistinguish joint products from byproductsuExplain why joint costs are allocated to individual productsuAllocate joint costs using four methodsuExplain why the sales value at splitoff method is preferred when allocating joint costsuExplain why joint costs are irrelevant in a sell-or-process-further decisionuAccount for byproducts using two methods2024/4/15 周一2Joint Cost TerminologyJoint Costs costs of a single production process that yields multiple products simultaneouslySplitoff Point the place in a joint production process where two or more products become separately identifiableSeparable Costs all costs incurred beyond the splitoff point that are assignable to each of the now-identifiable specific products2024/4/15 周一3Example of Joint Cost stituation2024/4/15 周一4Chart of Joint Cost TerminologySeparable Costs2024/4/15 周一5Joint Cost Terminology，conts.Categories of Joint Process Outputs:Outputs with a positive sales valueOutputs with a zero sales valueProduct any output with a positive sales value,or an output that enables a firm to avoid incurring costsValue can be high or low2024/4/15 周一6Joint Cost Terminology，conts.Main Product output of a joint production process that yields one product with a high sales value compared to the sales values of the other outputs.P452(574)Joint Products outputs of a joint production process that yields two or more products with a high sales value compared to the sales values of any other outputsByproducts outputs of a joint production process that have low sales values compare to the sales values of the other outputs2024/4/15 周一7Joint Process Flowchart2024/4/15 周一8Reasons for Allocating Joint CostsDetermination of inventoriable costs and cost of goods sold for external financial reporting and income tax determination.Determination of inventoriable costs and cost of goods sold for internal reporting purposes such as division profitability analysis.Cost reimbursement when a company has cost-reimbursement contracts as with a governmental agency.2024/4/15 周一9Joint Cost Allocation MethodsPhysical Measures allocate using tangible attributes of the products,such as pounds,gallons,barrels,etc.Market-Based allocate using market-derived data(dollars):Sales value at splitoffNet Realizable Value(NRV)Constant Gross-Margin percentage NRV2024/4/15 周一10Sales Value at Splitoff MethodUses the sales value of the entire production of the accounting period to calculate allocation percentageIgnores inventories2024/4/15 周一11Example p454(576)2024/4/15 周一12Joint Cost Illustration Overview2024/4/15 周一13Sales Value at Splitoff Example2024/4/15 周一14Sales Value at Splitoff Example2024/4/15 周一15Physical-Measure MethodAllocates joint costs to joint products on the basis of the relative weight,volume,or other physical measure at the splitoff point of total production of the products p455(577)2024/4/15 周一16Physical-Measure Example p456(578)2024/4/15 周一17Physical-Measure Example2024/4/15 周一18Net Realizable Value MethodAllocates joint costs to joint products on the basis of relative NRV of total production of the joint productsNRV=Final Sales Value Separable Costs2024/4/15 周一19NRV Example p457(579)2024/4/15 周一20NRV Example，conts.2024/4/15 周一21NRV Example，conts.2024/4/15 周一22NRV Example，conts.2024/4/15 周一23Constant Gross Margin NRV MethodAllocates joint costs to joint products in a way that the overall gross-margin percentage is identical for the individual productsJoint Costs are calculated as a residual amount2024/4/15 周一242024/4/15 周一25Constant Gross Margin NRV Example2024/4/15 周一26Method SelectionIf selling price at splitoff is available,use the Sales Value at Splitoff Method.p459(581)If selling price at splitoff is not available,use the NRV MethodIf simplicity is the primary consideration,Physical-Measures Method or the Constant Gross-Margin Method could be usedDespite this,some firms choose not to allocate joint costs at all2024/4/15 周一27Sell-or-Process Further Flowchart2024/4/15 周一28Sell-or-Process Further DecisionsIn Sell-or-Process Further decisions,joint costs are irrelevant.Joint products have been produced,and a prospective decision must be made:p461(583)to sell immediately or process further and sell later Joint Costs are sunkSeparable Costs need to be evaluated for relevance individually 2024/4/15 周一29ByproductsTwo methods for accounting for byproductsProduction Method recognizes byproduct inventory as it is created,and sales and costs at the time of saleSales Method recognizes no byproduct inventory,and recognizes only sales at the time of sales:byproduct costs are not tracked separately2024/4/15 周一30Byproducts,conts.2024/4/15 周一31Byproducts,conts.2024/4/15 周一32THE END!2024/4/15 周一33