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Handbook on Measuring Digital TradeS E CO N D E D ITI O N 2023.The International Monetary Fund,the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,the United Nations and the World Trade Organization.WTO Print ISBN:978-92-870-7360-0DISCLAIMERPrepared by the staff of the International Monetary Fund(IMF),the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD),the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD)and the World Trade Organization(WTO).For the IMF,the views expressed here are those of the authors and should not be construed as the views of the IMF,its Executive Board,member governments,or any other entity mentioned herein.For the OECD,this work is prepared under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD,and the opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD.For the United Nations,the findings,interpretations,and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s)and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States.For the WTO,this work is published under the responsibility of the WTO Secretariat.The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are not intended to provide any authoritative or legal interpretation of the provisions of the WTO Agreements and shall in no way be read or understood to have any legal implications whatsoever.This document,as well as any data and any map included herein,are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory,to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory,city or area.The names of countries and territories used in this joint publication follow the practice of the WTO.The IMF,OECD,United Nations and WTO do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accept no liability for any consequence of the use of these data.ContentsAcknowledgements 3Foreword 4Executive summary 51.Introduction 91.1 Introduction 101.2 The impact of digitalization on international trade is multifaceted 101.3 The statistical definition of digital trade 111.4 Measuring digital trade is key for effective policymaking 131.5 Purpose and structure of the Handbook 171.6 Areas of ongoing work 171.7 Putting the Handbook into practice 192.The conceptual framework for measuring digital trade 212.1 Measuring digital trade:the statistical framework 222.2 The nature of the transaction(How)222.3 The product(What)272.4 Actors(Who)282.5 Non-monetary digital flows 292.6 Accounting principles 292.7 Recommended reporting template 302.8 Work on updating national accounts and balance of payments standards 303.Digitally ordered trade 333.1 Identifying digitally ordered transactions 343.2 Measuring digitally ordered trade 353.3 Estimating the overlap between digitally ordered and digitally delivered trade 593.4 Recommendations 604.Digitally delivered trade 654.1 Introduction 664.2 Sources for measuring digitally delivered trade 664.3 Digitally deliverable services 684.4 Towards measures of digitally delivered services 714.5 Other sources 824.6 Recommendations 86 Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade15.Digital intermediation platforms(DIPs)915.1 The role of digital intermediation platforms in digital trade 925.2 Classifying DIPs and intermediation services 925.3 Accounting principles for DIP transactions 935.4 Measuring DIP transactions 975.5.Recommendations 1056.Case studies109Case study 1:Measuring digitally ordered merchandise trade in China 110Case study 2:Towards a better measurement of digitally delivered trade:Chinas experience and prospects 116Case study 3:Digital trade in Jamaica:exploring new measurement approaches 120Case study 4:Measuring digital trade in Spain:a stock-taking exercise 126Case study 5:Measuring digitally ordered merchandise trade in Trkiye 136Annexes139Annex A:Measuring the digital economy 140Annex B:Accounting for digital trade transactions 144Annex C:Expanded table on digitally deliverable services in EBOPS 2010 151Annex D:Table of allocation by mode of supply of digitally deliverable service 153Annex E:Questionnaire General Administration of China Customs(“China Customs”)155Annex F:Questionnaire Chinas Ministry of Commerce(MOFCOM)157Annex G:Questionnaire Tax Administration Jamaica(TAJ)and Bank of Jamaica 160Annex H:Questionnaire Instituto Nacional de Estadstica(National Statistics Institute)162Bibliography165Acronyms and abbreviations 173Contents-cont.Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade2This second edition of the Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade is the outcome of a collaborative effort by the International Monetary Fund(IMF),the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD),the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD)and the World Trade Organization(WTO),and it has greatly benefitted from the contribution of many experts along the way.The authors of the Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade are Patrick Quill(IMF),Antonella Liberatore,David Brackfield and Julia Schmidt(OECD),Daniel Ker(UNCTAD),and Barbara DAndrea Adrian,Joscelyn Magdeleine and Ying Yan(WTO).The work was completed under the management of Carlos Snchez Muoz,Maria Borga and Kristy Howell(IMF),Annabelle Mourougane(OECD),Torbjrn Fredriksson(UNCTAD)and Barbara DAndrea Adrian(WTO).Special thanks go to the following people for providing the detailed case studies:Xiaoyuan Zhai,Qian Li,Zheng Fang and Weiguo Qi(General Administration of China Customs);Xuyang Wang,Yanhui Jing and Yizhen Xie(Chinas Ministry of Commerce(MOFCOM);Esmond McLean(Bank of Jamaica);Hank Williams and Diedre Campbell(Tax Administration Jamaica(TAJ);Jos Antonio Isanta Foncuberta(National Statistics Institute of Spain(INE);and aglayan Aslan(Trkiye Ministry of Trade);Aylin Kolbas,Eyp Mehmet Dn and Esengl Tanrikulu(Turkish Statistical Institute(TurkStat).Additional special thanks are due to Jennifer Bruner and Alexis Grimm(United States Bureau of Economic Analysis(BEA),and John Mitchell(OECD)for their detailed and insightful input throughout the revision process of the Handbook.Important contributions were received from Silvia Matei(IMF);Andrea Andrenelli,Piet Battiau,David Bradbury,Antonio Capobianco,Javier Lpez Gonzlez,James Mancini,Simon Lange,Pierce OReilly,Silvia Sorescu and Vincenzo Spiezia(OECD);and Antonia Carzaniga,Stefania Gallo and Martin Roy(WTO).The following experts provided valuable comments on the Handbook:Mara Mercedes Juaristi Llorens and Silvia Amiel(National Institute of Statistics and Censuses of Argentina(INDEC);Sophie Clarke and Tom Lay(Australian Bureau of Statistics);Fernando Augusto Ferreira Lemos and Thiago Said Vieira(Central Bank of Brazil);Leonardo Melo Lins(Brazilian Network Information Center);Denis Carron,Mark Uhrbach and Diana Wyman(Statistics Canada);Rigoberto Torres Mora(Central Bank of Costa Rica);Sren Burman(Statistics Denmark);Jens Walter(German Central Bank Deutsche Bundesbank);Gyorgy Budahzy and Zsfia Prohszka(Hungarian Central Statistical Office);Atika Hasyyati(Statistics Indonesia(BPS);Yvonne Hayden(Central Statistics Office of Ireland);Hila Dizahav and Ilana Ben Or(Israel Central Bureau of Statistics);Andrea Carboni and Claudio Doria(Bank of Italy Banca dItalia);Frida Inchoga(Kenya Ministry of ICT,Innovation and Youth Affairs);Linah Ngumba and Sheldon Shelly(Kenya National Bureau of Statistics);Ricardo Gutirrez Argelles and Gerardo Durand(Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Geografa(INEGI),Mexico);Alan Holst Chaires(Bank of Mexico);Oksana Danils-Nadolinskaia and Quinten Meertens(Statistics Netherlands(CBS);Ben Graham,Simon Jones,Luke Michaelides,Sue Ost and Charlotte Richards(United Kingdom Office for National Statistics(ONS);Patricia Abaroa,Paul Farello and Daniel Yorgason(United States Bureau of Economic Analysis(BEA);Molly Lesher and Pierre Montagnier(OECD);and Michaela Grell,Magdalena Kaminska and Marios Papaspyrou(Eurostat).The revision of the Handbook benefitted from discussions at the 2020,2021 and 2022 meetings of the OECD Working Party on International Trade in Goods and Services Statistics(WPTGS),along with 2022 WPTGS Focus Group meetings,the 2022 UNCTAD Working Group on Measuring E-commerce and the Digital Economy meeting,2022 meetings of the Task Team on International Trade Statistics(under the UN Committee of Experts on Business and Trade Statistics).It also benefitted from written feedback on each chapter received from members of these groups.The production of the Handbook was managed by Anthony Martin and Serge Marin-Pache(WTO)and edited by Helen Swain(WTO).Finally,all contributors to the first edition of this Handbook are acknowledged and thanked.AcknowledgementsHandbook on Measuring Digital Trade3AC KN OWL E D G E M E NTSDigital technologies have made it increasingly feasible for buyers and sellers to place and receive orders on a global scale.They also enable the instantaneous remote delivery of services directly into businesses and homes,including internationally.By focusing on these two criteria digital ordering and digital delivery across borders this Handbook offers a conceptual and measurement framework for digital trade that aligns with the broader standards for macroeconomic statistics.This second edition of the Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade is the outcome of a partnership between the International Monetary Fund(IMF),the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD),the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD)and the World Trade Organization(WTO),resulting in a comprehensive agreed approach.It builds upon the first edition,published in 2019,and has benefitted from substantive inputs by both developed and developing economies.This edition of the Handbook,while it leaves the fundamental measurement framework unchanged,provides clarifications to the concepts and definitions related to digital trade,and to the guidelines on how to operationalize them.It reflects the advances that statistical compilers have made in the measurement of digital trade.Expanded compilation guidance is included,based on national and international efforts,and covering a variety of relevant survey and non-survey sources.A revised reporting template is also proposed,which offers flexibility to statistical compilers when collating components of digital trade,even when only partial information is available.This Handbook thereby establishes a valuable shared foundation for understanding and measuring digital trade in a way that is internationally comparable.Furthermore,it provides a crucial resource for an active programme of technical assistance and statistical capacity-building,through which the four co-authoring partner organizations can support statistical compilers as they seek to measure,monitor and respond to the challenges of digital trade.ForewordBert KroeseChief Statistician and Data Officer,and DirectorStatistics DepartmentInternational Monetary FundShamika N.SirimanneDirector of Technology and LogisticsUnited Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentPaul SchreyerChief Statistician and DirectorStatistics and Data DirectorateOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentRalph OssaChief Economist and DirectorEconomic Research and Statistics DivisionWorld Trade OrganizationHandbook on Measuring Digital Trade4F O R EWO R DExecutive summaryDigital technologies are transforming virtually every aspect of the economy,and international trade is no exception.Businesses and households make increasing use of digital ordering.Many services that traditionally required proximity between producers and consumers are now traded at a distance.Online platforms are playing an increasingly important role in matching supply with demand and facilitating economic transactions.Digitalization is changing how products are purchased and delivered.And yet,it remains largely invisible in traditional macroeconomic statistics,because such statistics focus on what is produced and who produces it.This invisibility ultimately hampers policymaking,and may lead to the misperception that the economy is not being measured accurately.This Handbook aims to help statistical compilers to address policymakers needs for better statistical evidence on digital trade.While comprehensive,comparable evidence on digital trade may be most necessary in the area of international trade policy,digital trade also affects,and is affected by,many other policy areas at both the domestic and international levels,including competition,tax policy,development and economic growth.Defining digital tradeUnderstanding what“digital trade”refers to,and how it relates to international trade as a whole,is a crucial prerequisite of the statistical framework.Thus,building on previous measurement efforts,the first edition of this Handbook(OECD,WTO and IMF,2019)combined the two key criteria of digital ordering and digital delivery to formalize for the first time a statistical definition of digital trade:“digital trade is all international trade that is digitally ordered and/or digitally delivered”.This statistical definition reflects the multi dimensional character of digital trade by identifying the nature of the transaction as its defining characteristic.It is the basic building block of a conceptual measurement framework,which is fully consistent with the broader macroeconomic accounts.Leaving the fundamental measurement framework unchanged,this second edition of the Handbook provides clarifications to the concepts and definitions introduced in the first edition,and to the guidelines on how to operationalize them.It also builds on national experiences and best practices to expand compilation guidance.Measuring digital tradeDigital trade transactions are a subset of existing trade transactions,as measured in international merchandise trade statistics and in international trade in services statistics.Any economic actor can engage in digital trade.The accounting principles for recording digital trade follow those defined in the International Merchandise Trade Statistics Concepts and Definitions(UN,2011),the Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services(UN et al.,2010),and the Balance of Payments(IMF,2009).As the statistical framework set out in this Handbook is designed to align with the broader macroeconomic standards,any updates to those standards(notably,any change in the production boundary)will,by construction,be reflected in the measurement framework,with no impact on the statistical definition of digital trade.The concepts in this Handbook are also in line with the broader guidance on measuring the digital economy established through the framework for digital supply and use tables(OECD,2023).Although international trade statistics should,in principle,cover digital trade,digital ordering and delivery exacerbate some of the known measurement challenges involved in recording international transactions.One reason is that digitalization incr