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东亚的铁矿石绿色走廊.pdf
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1、Supplied by Pilbara Ports AuthorityFuelling the decarbonisation of ironore shipping betweenWestern Australia and East Asia with clean ammonia Green shipping corridor feasibility assessment2Fuelling the decarbonisation of iron ore shipping between Western Australia and East Asia with clean ammoniaTab
2、le of contentsAcronyms and glossary 4Acronyms 4Glossary 5Endorsements 6Acknowledgements 7Disclaimer 8Executive summary 10Background and introduction 151.1 Green shipping corridors and why they matter 161.2 The Western Australia-East Asia iron ore green corridor opportunity 171.3 Report objectives an
3、d approach 18Defining and exploring a decarbonisation scenario for the corridor 202.1 Applying the scenario to the Western Australia-East Asia iron ore corridor 222.1.1 Demand for zero-emission cargo transport 222.1.2 Required number of zero-emission vessels and clean fuel volumes 23Feasibility eval
4、uation 263.1 Vessels 273.1.1 Initial deployment 273.1.2 Vessel availability 35Supplied by BPH3Fuelling the decarbonisation of iron ore shipping between Western Australia and East Asia with clean ammonia3.2 Fuel 373.2.1 Clean ammonia fuel availability 373.2.2 Enabling mechanisms 473.3 Bunkering 513.3
5、.1 Ammonia bunkering readiness in Singapore and the Pilbara 513.3.2 Tradeoffs between Singapore and Pilbara bunkering 53Appendix 574.1 Vessel and voyage assumptions 584.2 List of relevant planned Australian clean ammonia projects 604.3 Detailed risk rating assessment for initial clean ammonia-powere
6、d vessel deployment in 2028 624.4 Corridor vessel age distribution and turnover projections 684Fuelling the decarbonisation of iron ore shipping between Western Australia and East Asia with clean ammoniaAcronyms and glossary Acronyms AiP Approval in PrincipleAREH Australian Renewable Energy HubBAF B
7、unker Adjustment FactorCAPEX Capital ExpenditureCCS Carbon Capture and StorageCfD Contract for DifferenceCII Carbon Intensity IndicatorCOA Contract of AffreightmentEEDI Energy Efficiency Design IndexEOI Expression of InterestETC Energy Transitions CommissionEU ETS European Union Emissions Trading Sc
8、hemeFID Final Investment DecisionGCMD Global Centre for Maritime DecarbonisationGMF Global Maritime ForumGO Guarantee-of-OriginGtZ Getting to Zero CoalitionGW GigawattH2 HydrogenHFO Heavy Fuel OilIEA International Energy Agencykg KilogramLCA Life Cycle AssessmentLCOP Levelised Cost of ProductionLNG
9、Liquified Natural GasLOI Letter of IntentICS International Chamber of ShippingIFO Intermediate Fuel OilIGF Code International Code of Safety for Ships using Gases or Other Low-flashpoint FuelsIRENA International Renewable Energy AgencyIMO International Maritime OrganisationMCR Maximum Continuous Rat
10、ingMoU Memorandum of UnderstandingMPA Maritime and Port Authority of SingaporeMPP Mission Possible PartnershipMt Million tonnesNGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNH3 Ammonianm Nautical mileOEM Original Equipment ManufacturerPPA Pilbara Ports AuthoritySGMF Society for Gas as a Marine FuelSOLAS Internat
11、ional Convention for the Safety of Life at SeaSTCW International Convention on Standards of Training,Certification and Watchkeeping for SeafarersSTS Sector Transition StrategySZEF Scalable Zero-Emission FuelUMAS University Maritime Advisory ServiceUN United Nations5Fuelling the decarbonisation of ir
12、on ore shipping between Western Australia and East Asia with clean ammoniaGlossary Clean ammoniaLow and zero-carbon ammonia.This umbrella term includes both“green”ammonia,produced with electrolytic hydrogen,and“blue”ammonia,produced from conventional hydrogen with applied carbon capture and storage.
13、Zero-emission vessels and fuelsVessels and fuels with the potential to achieve zero-or near-zero greenhouse gas emissions on a lifecycle basis.See the Getting to Zero Coalitions definition of zero carbon energy sources for further clarification.Ammonia-powered vesselsVessels with the ability to use
14、ammonia as their primary fuel.Clean-ammonia-powered vesselsVessels that operate on clean ammonia as their primary fuel.“Upper envelope”of clean ammonia demandThe amount of clean ammonia needed to power the full zero-emission fleet on the corridor,used for stress testing the fuels potential to contri
15、bute to the greening of the route.Port regionsThe geographical focus of this report covers seaborne trade of iron ore between Western Australia and the following groups of ports in East Asia:Port region 1:Bayuquan,Caofeidian,Caojing,Changzhou,Dalian,Dandong,Dongjiakou,Fangcheng,Huanghua,Jingtang,Kem
16、en,Lanshan,Lianyungang,Liuheng,Majishan,Ningbo,Qingdao,Rizhao,Shanghai,Tianjin,Zhangjiagang,Zhanjiang Port region 2:Gwangyang,Onson,Pohang,Pyeongtaek,Ulsan,Yeosu Port region 3:Chiba,Fukuyama,Higashiharima,Hirohata,Ichihara,Kashima,Kawasaki,Kisarazu,Kobe,Kure,Mizushima,Oita,Tokuyamakudamatsu,Tokyo Ba
17、y,Yokohama Port region 4:Kaohsiung,Mailiao,Tiachung6Fuelling the decarbonisation of iron ore shipping between Western Australia and East Asia with clean ammoniaEndorsementsThis report is based on analysis by the Energy Transitions Commission,on behalf of the Australia to East Asia Iron Ore Green Cor
18、ridor Consortium,a collaboration between the Global Maritime Forum,BHP,Rio Tinto Shipping(Asia)Pte.Ltd.,(Rio Tinto),Oldendorff Carriers GmbH&Co(Oldendorff Carriers)and Star Bulk Carriers Corp.(Star Bulk).“Through this collaboration with the Global Maritime Forum and the consortium members,BHP is ple
19、ased to see that the rigorous,data-led analysis of this study indicates the feasibility of using clean ammonia on vessels sailing through the West Australia to East Asia corridor.In line with our net zero ambitions,we seek to influence this supply chain,with our ecosystem partners,by creating demand
20、 for low-and zero-GHG emission fuels and energy efficient vessels.”Rashpal Bhatti,Vice President Maritime and Supply Chain Excellence,BHP“The West Australia East Asia iron ore Green Corridor represents a great opportunity to aggregate green fuel demand and supply in support of the industrys journey
21、towards net-zero in this major trade lane.As we build on the study to realise a safe and economic green shipping corridor,public-private partnership is key to bring this project to life.Rio Tinto remains committed to collaborating with value chain partners in support of this initiative as we work to
22、 deliver our climate commitments on shipping.”Laure Baratgin,Head of Commercial Operations,Rio Tinto“Being one of the founding members of the West Australia to East Asia iron ore Green Corridor Consortium was an excellent opportunity for Oldendorff Carriers to collaborate and share perspectives with
23、 the other Consortium members on the feasibility of reducing emissions on this strategic iron ore trade.We are pleased to join in sharing this feasibility assessment to show how a well-considered Green Corridor can facilitate our collective desire to decarbonize shipping with an alternative fuel.Whi
24、le outside the scope of this report,the safety concerns and environmental risks of ammonia have yet to be adequately addressed.As the safety of our crew is paramount,these challenges must be overcome to enable adoption.”Scott Bergeron,Managing Director Global Engagement&Sustainability,Oldendorff Car
25、riers“Working closely with our business partners to assess the feasibility of green fuels and technologies is a core pillar of Star Bulks strategy.This study has allowed us to examine the potential for the demand,supply,and bunkering of clean ammonia in the West-Australia East Asia corridor,an impor
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