英语国家概况期末复习.doc

人物与历史文献
US
Tea Act 茶税法
The Treaty of Paris 巴黎公约 1783年美英两国于巴黎签订的条约同样成为《巴黎条约》，该条约的签订代表着英国承认美国独立，停止敌对行为，但仅承认美国占领密西西比河以东的土地。
第二次大陆会议 (The Second Continental Congress) 费城(Philadelphia)召开
George Washington 乔治·华盛顿: mander in Continental Army
«美利坚合众国宪法»（The Constitution of the United States），通称«美国联邦宪法»或«美国宪法»（U.S. Constitution） 1787年宪法
Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰斐逊:
The Declaration of Independence «独立宣言»
Abraham Lincoln亚伯拉罕·林肯:
the Emancipation Proclamation «解放黑人奴隶宣言»
Homestead Act «宅地法»
Gettysburg Address «葛底斯堡演说»
Franklin D. Roosevelt富兰克林· 德拉诺·罗斯福: The New Deal罗斯福新政
1933年富兰克林·罗斯福就任美国总统后所实行的一系列经济政策，其核心是三个R：救济（Relief）、复兴（Recovery）和改革（Reform），因此有时也被称为三R新政。
Agricultural Adjustment Act «农业调整法»
National Industrial Recovery Act «全国工业复兴法»
«社会保障法»
马丁．路德．金恩 (Martin Luther King)
Civil Rights Movement 民权运动
我有一个梦想 (I Have a Dream)
Harry Truman哈瑞．杜鲁门:
杜鲁门主义 The Truman Doctrine
马歇尔计划（The Marshall Plan）， 也称为欧洲复兴计划European Recovery Program
Reagan里根: Star Wars Program 星球大战计划
Irangate Scandal 伊朗门事件
Nixon尼克松: Watergate Scandals 水门事件
Bill Clinton 克林顿: Zippergate Scandal
UK
«大宪章»：Magna Carta / The Great Charter 1215年King John 国王约翰 to impose legal limits on the King's personal power in raising money from his subjects
«权力请愿书»: The Petition of Right 1628年
Charles 查理一世 第29页
«权利法案» :Bill of Rights 第32页
The treaty of Paris 1763年 第32页

概念搭配
UK
1、Constitution
A constitution is a set of rules and conventions that lays down the powers and functions of state institutions and their relationship with each other.
2、The cabinet
The major decision-making body in the government, is often associated with the office of the Prime Minister.
3、Tribunal (法院，仲裁机构)
A more informal and less expensive alternative to civil and criminal courts, which handles minor cases outside of the official court system.
4、The Lord Chancellor（英国上议院的）大法官
The Lord Chancellor is head of the judiciary (司法部，法院)in England and Wales.
5、The social security system
It is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need from the cradle to the grave.
US
1、 Congress (国会)
The legislative branch of the federal government ,is made up of the Senate and the House of Representative.
2、 The Supreme Court
Consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices.

问答题
英国部分
Unit 3 P41
1. Who were the main foreign invaders of Britain at different times in British history? What contributions have they respectively made to the British culture, or what impacts have they had? 英国历史上不同时期主要的外国侵略者？及对英国的文化贡献或影响？P13
(1)Julius Caesar 凯撒大帝(55BC) Hadrian’s Wall Words of Latin origins, Roman numbers, the solar calendar, Roman laws, and the census人口普查 ['sensəs]  took root locally. Christianity spread
(2)Germanic tribesmen 日耳曼人 developed the Heptarchy, ['heptɑːkɪ]  七王国；七头统治；七国连盟 established Old English
(3)Anglo-Saxon 盎格鲁-撒克逊 Christianity gained hold in Britain
(4) Normans 诺曼人 made Norman feudalism封建主义；封建制度  ['fjuːdəlɪz(ə)m] 
2. What was the social background for the Reformation to take place in England? What major achievements did the Elizabethan [i,lizə'bi:θən] 伊丽莎白一世时代的era ['ɪərə] witness?英格兰革新的社会背景？伊丽莎白一世见证的成就？P28
In the Middle Ages, the Church had gained not only material importance, but also extensive power in politics and law. ﹙P28﹚
Elizabeth: Putting to rest the religious issues;
Reducing the power of the old nobility;
Reaching farther than before through trade and adventure;
Defeating Armada at sea Cultural and artistic movements (the English Renaissance)
3. How did the English Civil War break out? What were the consequences of the war?英国内战如何爆发？结果如何？P29
The absolute rule of Charles I aroused the resistance of the people and the bourgeoisies. Charles took conteraction. He wanted to arrest Pym, Hampden and three other leaders of the mons, but he failed to do so. So, he departed for the north, hoping to find supporters in the west and north districts. Thus the Civil War began.
Consequences: The King Charles’s arm was defeated. Charles I was beheaded. In 1649, the House of Lords and the office of King were abolished and a Council of State was set to carry the executive work of the government, and England was declared a monwealth.
Unit 4 P50
4. What are the characteristics of the British Constitution ?英国宪法的特点？P43
(1) Constitutional monarchy ['mɒnəkɪ] 君主立宪制
(2) Parliamentary sovereignty ['sɒvrɪntɪ] 议会至上
(3) Representative democracy 代议民主
(4) The rule of law ﹝P43﹞
5. What are the functions of Parliament? How does the law-making process work?议会的功能是什么？法律制定工作是如何运行的？P44
(1) To legislate立法
(2) To vote the taxation 征税 and expenditures [ɪk'spɛndɪtʃɚ] 支出of the government
(3) To examine government policies and administration 行政
(4) To debate major political issues of the day （P45）
6. What is meant by the “two-party system” in the UK today? How effective is such a system ?英国两党制在今天有何意义？这种制度如何起作用？P48
The British party politics of government in the UK Parliament with power being held by either Conservative Party or Labour Party. The party which wins most MP seats in the House of mon bees the goverment. The largest minority party bees the official Opposition,with its own leader and "shadow cabinet".

美国部分
Unit 1 P123
1. What are the characteristics of "Middle America", geographically, culturally, and politically?美国中部的地理、文化、政治特点？P115
Geographically, the Middle America refers to the territory between the East Coast of the United States (particularly the northeast) and the West Coast. It has yielded some of America's greatest agricultural and mineral wealth,is the heart of America.
Culturally, America is contrasted with the more culturally progressive urban areas of the country, particularly, those of the East and West Coasts. The conservative values considered typical of Middle America (often called "family values" in American politics) are often called "Middle American values".The idea of Middle America may exclude locations such as Chicago (the third largest city in the United States and one of the world's ten alpha cities) and very wealthy cities like Aspen, Colorado. The coastal regions of the southern United States are implicitly included.
Politically, The phrase Middle American values is a political cliché; like family values, it refers to more traditional or conservative politics, although larger cities such as St. Louis, Missouri and Minneapolis, Minnesota, and major university towns such as Madison, Wisconsin, Columbia, Missouri and Lawrence, Kansas provide exceptions. Many of the political battleground states are situated in "Middle America".
2. What makes the Northeast stand out as a unique cultural region?美国东北部独特的文化区域？P119
the Northeast of America is densely populated and high urban, and it's the nation's economic and cultural center. Since this area was one of the two earliest settlements by British colonists, Americans tend to trace many of the nation's core values to the region. One of the region's greatest strengths in its economic petition with other regions is its long tradition of support for education. Additionally, the region has also enjoyed a long history of booming tourism industry, both for its beautiful landscape and for its significant role in shaping the early part of American history.
Unit 2 P143
3. What do you think of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America? Were they great ?你怎么看待美国的开国元勋？他们获得哪些伟大的成就？
America has produced such great men as George Washington,Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. Undoubtedly, the Founding Fathers of the United States of America made great contributions to the US. All served in important positions in the early government of the United States. They also put forth a set of political ideas that became so deeply embedded in the national consciousness that they are often referred to as the "American Credo".
4. What were the main reasons that made the United States the world's leading industrial power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?19到20世纪美国位于世界工业霸权的地位的主要原因？P128
A Yankee tradition of trade and merce that provided both the skill and the capital required for industrial expansion; a mitment to private property and the profit system that gave the Rockefellers , the Morgans , and the Carnegies the incentive to build corporate empires ; an abundant and skilled labour supply ; political institutions ......P130第一段全部
5. What were the chief causes of the Great Depression? Did the New Deal solve the problems brought about by the Depression? Why and why not?大萧条的主要原因？新政解决大萧条问题了吗？P132
The chief causes can be found in the unbalanced economy both domestic and international of the twenties.
The New Deal didn't solve the problem itself. The New Deal was a series economic programs to help alleviate the disastrous impact of the Great Depression. The programs focused on three aspects, including relief for the unemployed and poor, recovery of the economy to normal levels and reform the financial system to prevent a repeated depression.

小测
Part 1: True or False
1. The United Kingdom consists of four political divisions — England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. F Northern Ireland英国由四个政治区组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰 P3
2. The longest river in Britain is the Thames. F the Severn英国最长的河流是赛文河 P7
3. In the UK, most undergraduate (bachelor’s) degrees take three years to plete. T在英国，大多数本科（学士）学位需要三年才能完成P96
4. The English, the Scots, and the Welsh are Anglo-Saxons, but the Irish are Celts. F只有英格兰人才能可盎格鲁—萨克逊人only The English is Anglo-Saxons P13
5. Social class in the UK lays more emphasis on money and property. F英国的社会阶层更注重金钱和财产
6. The name “England” derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who came to England in the 5th and 6th centuries. T“英国”的名字来自于盎格鲁，在第五和第六世纪中来到英国的日耳曼部落中的一个 P13
7. The Bank of England is a mercial bank. F英国银行是一家国家中央银行 the country’s central bank P67
8. The members of House of Lord are non-elected. T上议院的成员是非选举产生的P45
9. More than half of the full-time farms in the UK are devoted to livestock. T超过一半的英国全日制农场从事畜牧业P65
10. The UK’s biggest-selling newspaper is The Times. F英国销量最大的报纸是太阳报 The Sun P104
11. The UK Parliament prises two elements: the House of Lord and the House of mons. F英国议会由三个部分组成：王权、上议院和下议院 The Crown、the non-elected House of Lord and the elected House of mons P45
12. Social Security in U.K. is mainly supported by the government. F英国的社会保障主要是由纳税机构支持的。Taxpayers P74
Part 2: Multiply choices
1. The Cabinet of the Opposition Party in Britain is known as the _____ Cabinet.
英国的反对党内阁被称为“影子内阁”P45
A. Shadow B. Window C. Ruling执政 D. Coalition联盟
2. The mountain system the Pennines is often called the backbone of _______.
山地系统的奔宁山脉通常被称为英格兰脊梁
A. England B. Scotland C. Great Britain D. Ireland
3. The regional capital of Northern Ireland is _______.
北爱尔兰的首都是贝尔法斯特P5
A. Glasgow格拉斯哥 B. Edinburgh爱丁堡 C. Cardiff卡地夫 D. Belfast
4. ______ led a Roman army and invaded Britain in 54 B.C.
公元前54年，尤利乌斯大帝率领一支罗马军队入侵不列颠
A. Emperor Claudius皇帝克劳狄斯 B. Julius Caesar C. William the Conqueror征服者威廉 D. Pope Gregory教皇格雷戈里
5. A general election is held in U.K. every __ years.
在英国每5年举行一次大选
A. 2 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
6. Who are the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?
英国的祖先和英国的创始人是谁？P13
A. the Anglo-Saxons. 盎格鲁撒克逊人 B. The Normans. 诺曼人 C. the Vikings维京海盗们 D. The Romans罗马人
7. In criminal trials by jury, _____ passes sentenced and _____ decide the issue of guilt or innocence. 在陪审团的刑事审判中，法官通过判决，并由陪审团决定是否有罪或无罪
A. the judge, the jury B. the judge, the judge
C. the jury, the jury D. the Lord Chancellor, the jury大法官
8. By the end of Wars of the Roses the House of ______ began.
玫瑰战争的结束 都铎王朝的开始
A. Lancaster兰卡斯特 B. Tudor C. Plantagenet金雀花王朝 D. Elizabeth
9. The main sources of English and Welsh law include _____.
英格兰和威尔士法律主要包括成文法、不成文法、欧盟法律
A. statutes, mon law, equity law衡平法and European munity law欧洲共同体法
B. statutes, mon law and equity law
C. statutes, mon law and European Union law
D. statutes, mon law and Roman law罗马法
10. Which test a student must take if they want to be admitted in universities to England?
如果他们想被大学录取，必须参加什么考试？P95
A. GCSE英国中等教育证书考试 B. A-levels C. HND D. HNC国家高级证书考试
11. Norman Conquest began in _______.
诺曼征服开始于1066
A. 1066 B. 1016 C. 871 D. 466
12. England first became a sea power in the time of _____.
英国在伊丽莎白一世时代第一次成为海上力量
A. Henry VII B. Elizabeth I C. Victoria D. Elizabeth II
13. In 1689 Parliament passed “_____”, limiting the powers of the crown.
1689议会通过了“权利法案”，限制王权的权力
A. Habeas Corpus Act人身保护法案 B. the Bill of Rights C. Navigation Act航海条例 D. Magna Carta大宪章

1. The Judicial Branch of America is headed by __________.
美国司法部门由最高法院领导
A. The Supreme Court B. Congress国会
C. President D. Government
2. Which of the following events symbolizes the beginning of the Cold War?
下列哪个事件标志着冷战的开始？
A. Iron Curtain Speech铁幕演说 B. the Truman Doctrine杜鲁门主义
C. Building of the Berlin Wall柏林墙的建设D. the Marshall Plan马歇尔计划
3. The constitution in U.S. can only be explained by_________.
宪法在美国只能由最高法院解释
A. President B. The Congress C. Senators参议员 D. The Supreme Court
4. The First and Second Continental Congress were held in______.
第一次和第二次大陆会议在费城举行
A. Philadelphia B. New York C. Washington D.C. 华盛顿特区 D. Chicago
5. The smallest state of the United States is ______.
美国最小的州是罗德岛州
A. Rhode Island B. Maine缅因州 C. Hawaii D. Alaska阿拉斯加
6. To the west of America lies the _________Ocean.
美国位于太平洋的西部
A. Pacific B. Atlantic大西洋 C. Indian D. Arctic北冰洋
7. Lincoln issued the ____________in 1863, which declared the abolition of slavery
1863年林肯发表了解放宣言，宣布废除奴隶制
A. Emancipation Proclamation B. Gettysburg Address葛底斯堡演说
C. the Homestead Act宅地法 D. the Declaration of Independence独立宣言
8. The symbol of the US Democratic Party is _____.
美国民主党的象征是驴
A. tiger B. elephant C. donkey D. Dog
9. Martin Luther King, Jr. is the leader of ____________.
小马丁·路德·金是民权运动的领袖
A. Civil Rights Movement B. Counterculture Movement反文化运动
C. Feminist Movement女权运动 D. Anti-Discrimination Movement反歧视运动
10. __________ industry is the biggest one in U.S.
A. Primary B. Secondary C. Services D. Tourism

1. The Hudson River is the dividing line between the East and West, which is the biggest river in America. F密西西比河是东与西之间的分界线，是美国最大的河流。The Mississippi P115
2. The name of the government for the Southern States during the American Civil War was the Southern State of America. F 美国南北战争时期南方各州政府的名字是美国州的南部。
3. The Supreme Court has 9 judges. T最高法院有9名法官 P160
4. Richard Nixon got involved in the Iran-gate Scandal. F理查德·尼克松卷入了水门事件The Watergate P162
5. There are 100 members in the House of Representatives. F众议院有435名议员 P159