英语名著导读.doc

Unit 2 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer选读

作品导读

《汤姆·索亚历险记》是美国著名小说家马克·吐温的代表作，发表于1876年。小说主人公汤姆·索亚天真活泼，富于幻想和冒险，不堪忍受束缚个性，枯燥乏味的生活，幻想干一番英雄事业。小说通过主人公的冒险经历，对美国虚伪庸俗的社会习俗、伪善的宗教仪式和刻板陈腐的学校教育进行了讽刺和批判，以欢快的笔调描写了少年儿童自由活泼的心灵。《汤姆·索亚历险记》以其浓厚的深具地方特色的幽默和对人物敏锐观察，一跃成为最伟大的儿童文学作品，也是一首美国“黄金时代”的田园牧歌。《汤姆·索亚历险记》的姐妹篇是《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。《汤姆·索亚历险记》是美国十九世纪文学大师马克·吐温的代表作，是世界文学宝库的一部杰出经典名著。《汤姆·索亚历险记》描写了十九世纪密西西河畔一个小镇人民的生活，可以说是当时美国社会生活的一个缩影。从小说中我们可以了解到穷人和富人，教堂和学校，宗教与犯罪等当时美国生活的各个方面。作者马克·吐温以满腔热情和真挚的爱为读者塑造了小主人公汤姆·索亚和他的一群小伙伴。汤姆·索亚是个成长中的孩子，他调皮，喜欢恶作剧，却又善良可爱乐于助人。他讨厌教堂里老师干巴巴的说教，他不喜欢整天在学校里干燥无味的生活，他向往成为绿林好汉，他希望加入海盗，过新鲜刺激的生活。他总在危险时刻，挺身而出，做出那些懦弱的“好孩子”，体面的“优秀生”无法做出的正义行为，展示出自己的魅力。

名著节选

Tom Sawyer tried to cut the cupboard with the knife. Then, it was the time for him to dress up. First, he must wash his faces and hands in a tin basin of water. But Tom Sawyer didn’t want to take the trouble to1 wash them. So he just poured out2 the water onto the ground. Then, Mary uncovered his secret3 and he had to use soap to wash his faces again. This time, his faces were not pletely cleaned yet. The clean part was just like a mask4 on his face. Mary brushed his hair neatly and Tom Sawyer put on unhappily the suit of his clothes. With the efforts of his own cousin Mary, Tom had bee a different person. Finally, he got into his shoes.
Then, they went to the Sunday school. Tom Sawyer hated the school very much. The school hours were from nine to half past ten and then church service. When the children came to the gate of the school, Tom Sawyer walked slower and asked another boy, “Bill, have you got a yellow ticket?” After they bargained5 for a while, they reached a deal6. Tom gave him a fishing hook and he got the yellow ticket from Bill. In the same way, he exchanged for some red tickets and some blue tickets.
In this school, the teacher had set a rule7 to encourage the children to recite the Bible: if he could recite two verses8, the teacher would give him one blue ticket; ten blue tickets were equal to one red ticket; ten red tickets could be exchanged for a yellow ticket; if anybody could get ten yellow tickets, the teacher would give him or her a new Bible. Getting the thick book was the greatest honor for the children. So many children were busy reciting every day. They just wanted to get a Bible. In Tom Sawyer’s memory, it was impossible to get a Bible. So he thought of an easy way. He exchanged his small things for cards in other children’s hands. In this way, he got many cards.
At the beginning of the class, the thirty-five-year-old teacher made a habitual9 speech. Tom Sawyer was playing with the boys around him. He pulled a boy’s hair and pinned another, but when they turned around, Tom just read the book carefully, but the children began to talk noisily in the latter one third of the talk. Some children even began to fight.
Suddenly, the room turned silent because some visitors came into the room. Three adults and one young girl entered. To Tom Sawyer’s surprise, the little girl was just the “angle”. Tom Sawyer thought of his meeting with the girl and the adventure in her garden. Among the visitors, the old man was somebody and all the teachers, men and women, made up to him in many different ways.
Then it was the time to give prize to those children who had got ten yellow tickets. The room was quiet. Nobody had enough tickets. When hope was dead, Tom Sawyer stood up with nine yellow tickets, nine red ones and ten blue ones. Tom Sawyer stood in the front of the room, and all the children looked at him with eagerness. Then, the children all of a sudden realized that they were cheated by Tom Sawyer. The teacher didn’t believe Tom Sawyer could get so many tickets, but the number of tickets was exact. The prize was given to Tom Sawyer and he was introduced to the old man.
作者简介

马克·吐温（Mark Twain l835～1910）美国作家。本名塞谬尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯。马克·吐温是其笔名。出生于密西西比河畔小城汉尼拔的一个乡村贫穷律师家庭，从小出外拜师学徒。当过排字工人，密西西比河水手、南军士兵，还经营过木材业、矿业和出版业，但有效的工作是当记者和写作幽默文学。
　　马克·吐温是美国批判现实主义文学的奠基人，世界著名的短篇小说大师。他经历了美国从“自由”资本主义到帝国主义的发展过程，其思想和创作也表现为从轻快调笑到辛辣讽刺再到悲观厌世的发展阶段。
　　他的早期创作，如短篇小说《竞选州长》（1870）、《哥尔斯密的朋友再度出洋》（1870）等，以幽默、诙谐的笔法嘲笑美国“民主选举”的荒谬和“民主天堂”的本质。
　　中期作品，如长篇小说《镀金时代》（1874，与华纳合写）、代表作长篇小说《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》（1886）及《傻瓜威尔逊》（1893）等，则以深沉、辛辣的笔调讽刺和揭露像瘟疫般盛行于美国的投机、拜金狂热，及暗无天日的社会现实与惨无人道的种族歧视。《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》通过白人小孩哈克跟逃亡黑奴吉姆结伴在密西西比河流浪的故事，不仅批判封建家庭结仇械斗的野蛮，揭露私刑的毫无理性，而且讽刺宗教的虚伪愚昧，谴责蓄奴制的罪恶，并歌颂黑奴的优秀品质，宣传不分种族地位人人都享有自由权利的进步主张。作品文字清新有力，审视角度自然而独特，被视为美国文学史上具划时代意义的现实主义著作。
　　19世纪末，随着美国进入帝国主义发展阶段，马克·吐温一些游记、杂文、政论，如《赤道环行记》（1897）、中篇小说《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》（1900）、《神秘来客》（1916）等的批判揭露意义也逐渐减弱，而绝望神秘情绪则有所伸长。
　　马克·吐温被誉为“美国文学中的林肯”。他的主要作品已大多有中文译本。
　　马克·吐温的写作风格：
融幽默与讽刺一体，既富于独特的个人机智与妙语，又不乏深刻的社会洞察与剖析，既是幽默辛辣的小说杰作，又是悲天悯人的严肃!

阅读思考

1. Why did Tom Sawyer pour out the water onto the ground?
A. Because he found the floor was dry.
B. Because he wanted to sweep the floor.
C. Because he didn’t want to wash his faces.
D. Because his sister discovered his secret.
2. According to the structure of the passage, we can put the sentence “Do you know why?” at the end of ________.
A. the first paragraph
B. the second paragraph
C. the third paragraph
D. the fourth paragraph
3. Why did Tom Sawyer exchange for some tickets?
A. Because he could play with the tickets.
B. Because he couldn’t go to school without them.
C. Because he wanted to get the prize Bible
D. Because he could make money by exchanging them.
4. What does the underlined word “somebody” in the fifth paragraph most probably mean?
A. a certain person
B. a person of some importance
C. the angel
D. the teacher
5. Which of the following of NOT true according to the passage?
A. Tom Sawyer was very intelligent
B. Tom Sawyer got a Bible as a prize
C. Mary was very helpful to Tom Sawyer
D. Tom Sawyer could recite 2000 verses

语法指津

1. Then, it was the time for him to dress up.
本句中的句型为It is time for sb to do sth…（该是某人做某事的时候了），如：
It’s time for you to get down to your study.
该是你认真学习的时候了。
此外，与此相关的句型还有：
It’s time that…这一句型表示“该是做某事的时候了”，这一句型的that从句中需使用虚拟语气，其构成是在从句中使用过去时或使用“should+动词原形”，即
It’s time that sb did/should do…（句型1）
(1) Isn’t it time you got down to marking the papers?
是不是你该开始批阅试卷了？
(2) Now I think it’s time you went to bed.
现在我想你该上床睡觉了。
◆注：该句型中time前面有时可以使用一些修饰语，构成It’s high/about time that sb did/should do…，例如：
(1) I think it is high time that Mr. Smith made up his mind.
我想该是史密斯先生作决定的时候了。
此外与此句型相关的一些句型用法如下：
It is the first time that…（句型2）
句型2与句型1的差别在于句型2中使用了序数词，表示这是第几次做某事了，该结构中需使用现在完成时，例如：
(1) It is the first time that I have been to the Great Wall.
这是我第一次去长城。
注：当句型2变为It was the first time that…时，从句中需使用过去完成时，例如：
(1) It was the second time he had been out with her alone.
这是我第二次和她单独外出。
此外句型2可以有变体的形式：
It可以变成This或That，the first可以变成the second，the third，the last等等，表示如下：
It/That/This is/was the first/second/third/last time that…
(1) This is the first time that I have ever been abroad at all.
这完全是我第一次出国。
(2) That was the first time I had left England’s shores.
这是我第一次离开英国的海滨。
【典例分析】
1. Was it the second time that excuse _______ for her?
A. had worked B. worked C. was working D. should work
2. I used to go camping a lot, so it won’t be the first time I in a tent.
A. have slept B. had slept　 C. was sleeping D. slept

词汇聚焦

1. take the trouble to do sth费神/麻烦做某事
If you meet with some difficulties, don’t be afraid of taking the trouble to overe them.
如果你遇到一些困难，别怕麻烦，克服困难。
上句也可改为：
If you meet with some difficulties, don’t be afraid of troubling yourself to overe them.
Trouble构成的短语常见的还有：
(1) 惹麻烦
(2) 给某人添麻烦
(3) 陷入困境
(4) 做某事有困难
(5) 自找麻烦
2. poured out 泼出
3. uncovered his secret揭露他的秘密
4. mask (n.) 面具，面罩
5. bargain (v.) 讨价还价
(1) Never pay the advertised price for a car, always try to bargain.
千万不要照牌价购买汽车，总得讲讲价才是。
(2) Dealers bargain with growers over the price of coffee.
商人与种植者就咖啡的价格进行商洽。
6. reach a deal 达成一个协议，达成一笔交易
7. set a rule制定一个规则
Children often set a rule to follow before they play games.
孩子们在做游戏之前常常制定一个遵守的规则。
set构成的短语常见的还有：
(1) 给……制定标准
(2) 为……树立榜样
(3) 纵火
(4) 以……为背景
(5) 开始做某事 set about doing sth
(6) 着手做某事set out to do sth
(7) 出发，引爆，触发，引发
(8) 开办，建立
8. verses (n.) （圣经的）节
9. habitual (adj.) 惯常的，通常的
his habitual place at the table
他惯常坐在桌旁的位子

背景链接

　　汤姆有着敢于探险、追求自由、做错事后敢于承认错误、承认缺点的优秀性格特点。
　　汤姆是个聪明爱动又调皮捣蛋的孩子，在他身上集中体现了智慧、计谋、正义、勇敢乃至领导等诸多才能。他是一个多重角色的集合，足智多谋，富于同情心，对现实环境持反感态度，一心要冲出桎梏，去当绿林好汉，过行侠仗义的生活。
　　小说塑造的汤姆·索亚是个有理想有抱负同时也有烦恼的形象，他有血有肉，栩栩如生，给读者留下了深刻的印象。在姨妈眼里，他是个顽童，调皮捣蛋，可是她却一次又一次地被他的“足智多谋”给软化了。
　　主人公汤姆，关于他，梗概中有简单的概括──“淘气的机灵鬼”“镇上孩子的头儿”“在小伙伴眼中无所不能”。我们看看汤姆在山洞里回来后的表现：因为他身体虚弱，浑身没有一点力气，所以“躺在沙发上”。尽管如此，他讲得还是那样眉飞色舞，“同时还夸张地吹嘘一番”，可见他的淘气和历险后心里获得的极大满足──人们把他们回来看作奇迹，他和镇上的人们都觉得他是真正的英雄！聪明勇敢机智!
故事发生在19世纪上半叶密西西比河畔的一个普通小镇上。汤姆·索亚是一个调皮的孩子，他和同父异母的弟弟希德一起接受姨妈波莉的监护。他总是能想出各种各样的恶作剧，让波莉姨妈无可奈何，而他也总能想尽办法来躲避惩罚。一天，汤姆见到了可爱的姑娘贝琪·撒切尔，她是撒切尔法官的女儿。汤姆一见到她就对她展开了攻势。而他的爱似乎也得到了回应。镇上有一个孩子叫哈克贝利·费恩。他的父亲总是酗酒，父母一直打架，因此他跑出来自己生活。他看起来和文明社会格格不入，大人们都不喜欢他，可汤姆和他却是好朋友。有一天他们约好晚上一起去墓地，却看到了意想不到的一幕。他们看到鲁滨逊医生、恶棍印第安·乔和喝得醉醺醺的莫夫·波特。在他们混乱的厮打中，印第安·乔把医生杀死了，然后又嫁祸于被打昏的波特身上。汤姆和哈克被吓坏了，立了血誓决不泄密。波特被捕以后，汤姆十分内疚，经常去看望他。此时的汤姆事事不顺，贝琪生了他的气，不再理睬他，波莉姨妈也总是呵斥他，他觉得没有人关心他。于是，汤姆、哈克和村上的另一个孩子一起乘小船去了一个海岛。可没过多久，他们便发现村里的人们以为他们淹死了，正在搜寻他们的尸体。汤姆晚上悄悄回到了姨妈家，发现波莉姨妈正在为他的“死”悲痛欲绝。汤姆觉得十分惭愧。最终，他们三个人在村民们为他们举行葬礼的时候回来了。夏天来临时，汤姆便感到更加不安，因为法官将对波特的罪行作出判决。汤姆终于战胜了恐惧与自私，指出了印第安·乔就是杀人凶手。可凶手还是逃走了。后来，汤姆又想出了一个主意：寻找宝藏。汤姆和哈克偶然发现了印第安·乔和他的一大笔不义之财。但他们却不知道他把钱藏在哪里了。在贝琪和同学们外出野餐时，哈克得知印第安·乔要去加害道格拉斯寡妇，因为她的丈夫曾经送他进过监狱。幸亏哈克及时报信才避免了一场悲剧的发生，可印第安·乔再一次逃之夭夭。此时，汤姆和贝琪在野餐时走进了一个山洞，因为洞太深而找不到回来的路，被困在里面。他们在山洞里再一次遇见了印第安·乔。村民费尽周折救出汤姆和贝琪之后封死了山洞。后来汤姆告知村民印第安·乔还在里面。当他们找到他时，他已经死在山洞里了。恶人得到了应有的报应。汤姆和哈克再次回到山洞里，找到了那笔宝藏。

Unit 2 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer选读
阅读思考答案与解析
《汤姆·索亚历险记》是马克·吐温的著名代表作之一。小说通过对汤姆·索亚少年天真有趣的生活描写，栩栩如生地向我们展示了汤姆的聪明、勇敢、淘气并不乏善良的个性。从节选的Tom Sawyer Got Rewards at School也可以看出他的机灵、聪慧、调皮的个性特征。
1. C。细节理解题。信息点在第一节。根据第一节中“But Tom Sawyer didn’t want to take the trouble to wash them.”可知。
2. B。语篇结构理解题。第二节讲汤姆·索亚用物品和伙伴们换卡。第三节告诉我们在学校老师用卡的来由：卡作为孩子们背诵《圣经》中诗篇的一种凭证，积累多了可以得到奖赏。“Do you know why?”承上启下，引出了汤姆·索亚换卡的原因。
3. C。推理题。文中没有直接说明汤姆·索亚换卡的原因，从第三节 “In Tom Sawyer’s memory, it was impossible to get a Bible. So he thought of an easy way.” 可以推断出汤姆·索亚想得到一本《圣经》，所以他想出了一个快捷的办法：以物换卡，以卡得奖励。
4. B。词义猜测题。猜测词义要立足语境。单独的somebody常常表达不确定的某个人。但是在本句中的意思是“重要人物“，因为从下文知道老师都向他献媚。
5. D。综合判断题。注意题目要求选出不正确的一项。综合二、三两节汤姆·索亚换卡是为了想快捷地得到《圣经》作为奖励，可以推断他是一个非常聪明的（intelligent）男孩，A项是正确判断；文中最后一句The prize was given to Tom Sawyer and he was introduced to the old man.暗示了他得到一本《圣经》，B项是正确的判断；第一节中描写Mary帮助Tom Sawyer洗脸、梳头，可知她是对Tom Sawyer有帮助的，C项是正确的判断；汤姆·索亚尽管得到了那么多的卡，但并不是因为他会背诵《圣经》中的诗篇，而是用自己的东西换来的，所以D项判断错了。
语法指津
【典例分析】
1. 答案：A。分析：Was it the second time that…这一句型中应使用过去完成时。
2. 答案：A。分析：题中句型后的用法同It is the first time that…这一句型，从句中使用现在完成时。

词汇聚焦
1. (1) make trouble
(2) put sb to trouble
(3) get into trouble
(4) have trouble (in) doing sth
(5) ask for trouble
7. (1) set a standard for
(2) set an example for
(3) set fire to
(4) be set in
(7) set off
(8) set up