仁爱英语八年级下7、8单元语法总结.doc

仁爱英语八年级下7、8单元语法总结
仁爱英语八年级下册7、8单元语法总结
一、 宾语从句
宾语是句子的一个重要成分，它可以由名词、代词、名词短语或句子充当。当一个句子充当宾语时，这个句子就被称为宾语从句。宾语从句与主句之间由连接词来连接。
学习宾语从句，要注意以下三个方面，即引导词、语序和时态。
1、 引导词
引导宾语从句的引导词按所引导的句子结构特点可以分为三类：
（1） that引导的宾语从句，that在宾语从句中无意义，不充当任何成分，在口语和非正式文体中常省略，这种宾语从句常是陈述句变化而来的。
I think (that) he is right. 我认为他是对的。
The teacher says, “ It is a good book.”
The teacher says that it is a good book. 老师说这是一本好书。
I know that they come from China. 我知道他们来自中国。
（2）由if/ whether 引导的宾语从句
由if或whether引导的宾语从句，if或whether在句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，但不能省略。在句中翻译成“是否”。这种宾语从句常是一般疑问句转化而来的。
I am not sure whether/if there are UFOs.
She asked, “ jim, do you like English ?”
She asked jim if/ whether he liked English.
(3)疑问词引导的宾语从句
疑问词包括疑问代词（what, which, who, whose）和疑问副词（when, how, where, why）,疑问词在从句中充当成分，不可省略，这种宾语从句常是特殊疑问句转化而来的。
Could you tell me when they will arrive?
I don't know who he is
Could you tell me where the post office is?
2.语序
宾语从句要用陈述句语序，即主语在前，谓语在后。如：
Does he like Time English Post? Do you know?合并成宾语从句
Do you know if/ whether he likes Time English Post?
What are they talking about? I want to know. 合并成宾语从句
I want to know what they are talking about?
3.时态
当主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时态时，宾语从句中的时态不受主句影响。当主句中的谓语动词是一般过去时态时，宾语从句则使用相应的过去时态。
I think that t can sell newspapers.
I think I should have a talk with hei.
I heard you had a bad cold
注：如果宾语从句所表达的内容是客观真理或客观事实时，从句中的动词时态不受主句的谓语动词时态的限制。
The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.
He said he is forty
专项训练
（ ）1. I am sorry I am late.
A. whom B. if C. that D. how
( ) 2. he comes or not, I am not sure.
A. whether B. if C. that D. where
( )3. I know he isn't a worker.
A. if B. whether C. that D. who
( )4. could you tell me how long ?
For two weeks
A. have you borrowed this book
B. you have borrowed this book
C. you have kept this book
D. have you kept this book
( ) 5. what did the teacher say?
She asked
A. what are you reading
B. what you are reading
C. what were you reading
D. what you were reading
II按要求完成句子
1. He asked… when will they fly to Fuzhou?(连成宾语从句)
2. Could you tell me… where does he live?(连成宾语从句)
3. I want to know … how many children da they have? (连成宾语从句)
4. When can jane finish the work? I don't know…(连成宾语从句)
二、 副词的比较等级
1. 副词的比较等级的构成
副词和形容词一样，也有原级、比较级和最高级三种形式。副词的比较等级的变化与形容词比较等级的变化大致相同。
规则变化
分类 举例
构成方法
原级
比较级
最高级
单音节词和少数双音节词
一般情况在词尾加-er,-est
hard
fast
Harder
faster
Hardest
faster
以字母e结尾的，只加-r,-st
late
later
latest
以辅音字母加y结尾的，先改y为i, 再加er, -est
early
earlier
earliest
多音节词和部分双音节词
在词前加more，most
Quickly
slowly
More quickly
More slowly
Most quickly
Most slowly
注意： 若副词是通过形容词加后缀ly派生来的，比较级和最高级加more，most，但early中的ly不是后缀，因此其比较级和最高级不能加more，most。
不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
well
better
best
badly
worse
worst
little
less
least
much
more
most
far
farther
farthest
further
furthest
2. 副词比较等级的用法
（1） 原级的用法
as+副词+as (和什么一样，同什么一样)
He run as fast as me. 他和我跑的一样快。
Tom studies as hard as jim 汤姆和吉姆学习一样努力。
（2） 比较级的用法
① A…+比较级+than+B 表示A比B更
She works harder than his brother. 她比他弟弟学习努力。
Lily wrote more carefully than lucy. 莉莉写的比露西更细心。
② 表示一事物随另一事物的变化而变化，用 the + 比较级。。。，the+比较级。。。，表示越什么就越什么
The harder you work, the better you do
(3) 最高级的用法
（the）+副词最高级+in/of范围（副词最高级前的定冠词通常会省略，后面多接表示范围的介词短语）
He runs (the) fastest in his class 他是班里跑的最快的。
Ann works (the) hardest among the eight girls. 安是八个女孩中工作最努力的
Of all these songs, I like this one best. 在这些歌曲中，我最喜欢这首。
专项训练
根据句意和括号中的副词提示进行翻译填空。
1. Steven speaks ____ (loudly) Amy does. 史蒂芬说话和艾米一样大声。
2. I will do ____ (well) next time. 我下次会做好一点。
3. Toby runs  ____ (fast) you. 托比跑的和你一样快。
4. He worked  ____ (hard) all the teachers. 他是所有老师中最努力工作的。
5. Please walk ____ (slowly). 请走慢一点。
6. She came here  ____ (early) usual. 她来得比平时早。
7. We went  ____ (far) you do. 我们走的比你远。
8. John played basketball  ____ (frequently)  I expected. 约翰比我预想的更经常打篮球。
9. I like spring  ____ (well). 我最喜欢春天。
10.He stayed ____  (long) the group. 他是组里待的最久的。
11.It rained  ____ (heavily).雨下的越来越大了。
  副词的比较等级
1.John speaks ________ Tom.
A. more clearly than  B. clearlier than   C. clear as   D clearly as
2.Andrew can speak English ________ his teacher.
A. so fluent as   B. as fluent as   C. as fluently as   D. so fluently as
3.Nancy talks _______ in her family.
A. less  B. least   C. the less   D. as least as
4.She doesn’t get up _________ her parents.
A. as earlily as   B. so early as   C. so earlily as   D. so earlier as
5.Jake played the violin ________ in his class.
A. better   B.more best  C. much the best   D. much the better
6.Cars run ______ than bikes.
A.faster  B. fast  C. more fastly  D. fastly
7.________ you work, ______ you learn.
A. The hard; the more    B. Hard; much  C.Harder; more  D.The harder; the more
三．So…that… so that ….和such…that…
1.such…that作“如此…以致”解，连接一个表示结果的状语从句。与so…that 意思相同，但用法不同。如：so…that这一结构中，so后边可加形容词或副词， 而such后边要用名词（这个名词前面可以带形容词，也可以不带）。因此，
such…that的句型结构可分以下三种：
1) such＋a(an)＋adj.＋单数可数名词＋that…clause
He is such a clever boy that everybody likes him. 他非常聪明，大家都非常喜欢他。
He was such an honest man that he was praised by the teacher.
他非常诚实，因而受到了老师的表扬。
2)such＋adj.＋复数可数名词＋that…clause
They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again.
这些小说非常有趣，我想再读一遍。
3)such＋adj.＋不可数名词＋that…clause
He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.
他进步得很快，老师们对他感到很满意。
注意：如果such后边的名词前由many、much、few、little等词所修饰的话，则不用 such而用so。例如：
He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.
他摔了很多跤，以致于全身上下青一块，紫一块的。
He had so little education that he was unfit for this job.
他所受教育很少，不适合做这个工作。
2.so…that也作“如此…以致”解，连接一个表示结果的状语从句。so…that与such…
that意思相同，但用法不同。现将so…that用法总结如下：
so＋adj.／adv.＋that…clause（so的后面跟形容词或副词）
He runs so fast that nobody can catch up with him. 他跑得非常快，没人能追上他。
3. so that 引导目的状语从句，表示以便为了
Lucy wanted to help people so that she became a doctor.露西想帮助人们，所以就成了医生。
专项练习
1. She bought a digital camera online ____she would save a lot of time.
  A.so that   B.as soon as   C.no matter    D.such that     
2. —__________fine day it is today! 
Yes,the sunshine is__________beautiful that I'd like to go swimming in the sea. 
A. How, such   B. What a, very    C. How, so    D. What a, so    
3. The camera is __________expensive__________ I can't afford it. 
  A. so, that      B. such, that       C. so, as to    D. enough, that     
4. Miss Gao asked a question, but it was__________that nobody could answer it. 
 A.very difficult   B. too difficult   C. difficult enough   D. so difficult    
5.To my surprise,he could get over ____ difficult problems that he succeeded at last.
A.so many       B.such many     C. so few      D. such few
用so, such, such a或such an填空  
1. He was________excited that he couldn't get sleep. 
2. This teacher is_________ kind that we all like him.  
3There is ________ much food in the refrigerator that we don’t need to buy anything.
4. He ran____________quickly that I couldn't catch up with him. 
5. This is____________interesting a book that we all enjoy reading it.  
四、 It is +that…/ It is +adj.+(for sb.) to do sth
在 It is +that…/ It is +adj.+(for sb.) to do sth 这个句型中，it 代替that从句/ to do sth. 作形式上的主语，无词义，that从句/ to do sth才是真正的主语，而动词不定式前的for sh. 引出的则是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式所表达动作的发生者。
It is important that we must protect the water on the earth.
形式主语 形容词 真正主语 我们必须保护地球上的水，这很重要。
It is necessary for us to do some exercise.
形式主语 形容词 真正主语 做些运动对我们来说是必要的。
专项训练
（ ）1. is necessary that we should speak much English in class.
A. This B. That C. It D. They
( ) 2. It is for people to go to the moon by spaceship.
A. impossible B. possibly C. possibly D. possibility
( )3. It is clever you to choose to stay here, but not to leave.
A. of B. for C. that D.with