科技英语翻译和写作.ppt

LOGO科技英语翻译和写作 1.Contents科技英语特点 1科技英语翻译的一般知识 2科技英语翻译的一般方法 3科技文献写作常用句例 42.一、科技英语特点 v1.以客观陈述为主，较多使用被动句。科技人员在研究和解决科技问题时重视事物本身的客观规律、主观事实和方法、性能和特征，在讨论科技问题是力求客观而准确的陈述，因此，在科技文献中通常以非人称的语气作客观的叙述，从而较多使用被动句。例如：The length of the polymer chain is specified by the number of repeat units in the chain.This is called the degree of polymerization.Unlike many products whose structure and reactions were well known before their industrial application,some polymers were produced on an industrial scale long before their chemistry or physics was studied.3.v2.大量使用科技词语。科技文献中除了使用各学科专用的科技词语外，还广泛使用各学科通用的半科技词语和书面的非科技词语。专用的科技词语仅用于某个学科或专业的词汇或术语。半科技词语指那些日常用于英语，但又是科技英语中常用的那些词汇。例：reaction.书面非科技词语指主要用于科技英语但却严格地属于非科技性质的词语。例：apply,to yield,generation,available,at the rate of 按的比率，以速度in terms of 用、借助于in the order of 大约4.v3.表达方式程式化。文章结构程式化：标题、摘要，正文（引言、论述、结论）。介绍某个过程或功能及达到某种目标时，一般利用动词不定式短语构成目的状语，放在句子的开头。例：To increase the rate of reaction,a catalyst is used.简述实验结果时，往往在句首使用引导词 it 作形式主语，构成被动句，It was found the rate of follow was improved by increasing the pressure.5.4.大量使用非谓语动词、名词及介词短语。非谓语动词作定语，可明确所描述对象。利用非谓语动词构成的各种短语代替句子中的从句或分句，可使句子简练。例：Polypropylene is the second resin in the family of polyolefins composed of long chain saturated hydrocarbons.6.v5.条件句较多。科技英语中常须提出假设和推理，因而条件句使用得较多。一般条件句由两个句子组成：表示假设条件的“if”从句在前，后面主句说明该条件得到满足时的推论或后续步骤。If a polymer sample is cooled rapidly to a temperature just below Tg,its volume continues to decrease for many hours.7.v6、复杂的长句较多。Configurational isomerism is then due to the presence in the molecule of one or more dissymmetric centers,in the simplest case asymmetric carbon atoms,each of which can have(R)and(S)absolute configuration;and,or,to the presence of double blonds which can the presence of double blonds which can give cis-and trans-geometrical isomers.8.v7、句子结构严谨合理。科技英语要求客观性、准确性和严密性，既满足语法修辞的要求，又符合逻辑和客观实际。具体根据句子中表达的具体概念分别采用主从结构和平行结构。主从结构：两个以上不同概念，而不同等重要的成分，重要成分成主句。如：（1）The crude petroleum oil obtained from well consists of a mixture of hydro-carbons each of which is a chemical compound of carbon and hydrogen.（2）The crude petroleum oil obtained from well consists of hydro-carbons and each of these is a chemical compound of carbon and hydrogen.9.v8.省略句较多(1)并列复合句中的省略。在并列复合句中，各句里的相同成分主、谓、或宾可予以省略。例：Low density polyethylene has a crystallinity range of 65 percent,and high density polyethylene(has a crystallinity range)of 85 percent.(2)定语从句中的省略。由关联词which 或that 引出的定语从句，通常可将关联词和从句谓语中的助动词（当从句被动语态时）省略，只留下作定语用的分词短语，如：Vinyl resins cover a broad group of materials(that are)derived from the“vinyl”radical.10.v(3)其他省略句。在特定句型中，常可省略一些句子成分。如：The smaller the particles(are),the more freely do they move.v(4)一些固定的省略句型：As described above 如前所述 If possible 如可能的（话）As indicated in Fig.I 如图I所示 If required 需要时，如果需要（的话）As noted later 如后所述，从下文可以看出 When in use 在使用时、当工作时 As previously mentioned 前已提及 When necessary 当必要时、如有必要 When needed 如果需要（的话）As shown in table X 如表X所示 If necessary 如有必要11.二、科技英语翻译的一般知识v1、翻译的任务：注重逻辑思维，讲究语言上的规 范，表达上的妥达和译文的流畅。v2、翻译的标准：确切性是翻译的总标准。信：忠实原文。达：通顺，译文通俗易懂。雅：修辞。辞藻优美，语言精练。还须做到：明确：技术内容上忠实于原文，表达清楚不 可模棱两可。通顺：合乎中文的语法要求，顺口。简练：尽可能简短、精练，不重复罗嗦。12.v3、翻译的过程：理解、表达、校核三个阶段。v 1)深刻理解原文，精通专业知识。例：yield,一般“产量”，林业中译作“收获量”，造纸业“得率”，塑料工业中译作“屈服”或挤出量。v 2)确切的表达译文：不折不扣，恰如其分，明确通顺。v 3)校核阶段：对内容进一步核实，对语言进行推敲，进行必要的润色加工，尽量删去那些不必要的字。13.三、科技英语翻译的一般方法 1词语的顺序词语的顺序包括词序、语序和句序，其中以词序为基础。在英语中，各个词语在句子中的语法功能主要由该词在句子中的位置即词序来决定。词语的顺序可用来表明句子类型及规定词语之间的关系。例：(1)、Only she did the experiment yesterday.(2)、She only did the experiment yesterday.(3)、She did only the experiment yesterday.(4)、She did the experiment only yesterday.14.照译法照译相当于直译或顺译。两个原则：基本上保留原文的语法结构形式，在语序或句序上未作大的变动。保留原文词语的字面意义，未加引申和转换。凡是原文结构接近汉语，照译时结合汉语语法修辞习惯的都可以而且应该照译。例：All amorphous polymers at sufficiently low temperatures the characteristics of glasses,including hardness,stiffness,and brittleness.15.大部分翻译时对语序稍作变动。（1）、The only forces between molecules are secondary bond forced of attraction.分子间唯一的力是次价键的引力。（2）、One property associated with the glassy state is a low volume coefficient of expansion.玻璃态的特征之一是体积膨胀系数较低。16.v、转换法。转换相当于意译，但比通常所说意译的范围小一些。在难于照译或为了使译文明确、简练的场合，便可考虑在不背离原意的条件下，按上下文的表达作适当的转换。转换法主要包括：词性的转换、句子成分的转换、句子结构的转换和表达方式的转换。v（1）、词性的转换。动词的转换Coating thickness range from one tenth mm to 2 mm.涂层厚度范围为.到mm.Since the 1930s many important plastics of the industry have been commercialized.自从年代以来，工业上许多重要的塑料品种都已实现商业化生产。17.名词的转换。The set up and operation of the extruder should be followed carefully for safe production.装配和操作挤出机都必须严格遵守安全生产的原则。（n.v.）This experiment is an absolute necessity in determining the best processing route.对确定最佳工艺流程而言，这次实验是绝对必要的。（n.adj.）18.形容词的转换。In fission processes the fission fragments are very radioactive.（形名）在裂变过程中，裂变碎片的放射性很强。They are very familiar with the properties of this type of thermoplastics.他们十分熟悉这类热塑性塑料的性能。（n.v.）19.介词的转换。有些具有动词意味的介词：for、by、in、past、with、over、into、around、across、toward、through、throughout.Dies may also be machined for particular shapes.生产特殊形状制品的模具也被制造。Resin coloring is done either by adding dry powder colour during the compounding process or by the use of color concentrates at the time of molding.树脂着色既可利用在共混过程中加入干粉状颜料来实现，亦可通过成型时加入色母料来实现。20.副词的转换。Chlorine is very active chemically.氯的化学性能很活泼。（adv.n.）The injection mold must be dimensionally correct.注塑模具的尺寸必须准确。（adv.n.）21.（2）、句子成分的转换。原文句子的某一个语法成分（主、谓、宾、表、定、状）改译成另外一种语法成分。、主语转换。Polycarbonate has an advantage in that if can compete with metals like copper,zinc inengineering properties.聚碳酸酯的优点是在工程性能方面可与铜、锌等金属相媲美。（主定）（宾主）22.当英语主语为动作性名词时，如：care、need、attention、inspection、thought、attempt、improvement 等，而谓语动词是系动词或被动语态形式，翻译时，常可转译为汉语的谓语。汉语句子有时成为无主句。Attention is necessary to prevent the instrument from damaging.必须注意以防仪器损坏。Attempts were made to develop a new technique for polymerization.曾试图研究出一种新的聚合技术。23.、宾语转换。Care should be taken to keep the scrap and reground material clean.（宾主）注意，边角料和回收料要保持清洁。当have、make、take、provide 等动词的宾语为动作性名词时（make use of,take notice of 等）宾语可译为谓语。The descriptive abstract provides an indication of the information contained in the original communication beyond that provided by the title of the article.指示性文摘指示原文包含的但从其题中看不出来的内容。24.、谓语转换。The pressure was measured to be 8 MPa.所测得的压力为8 Mpa。（谓定）英语中一些并不表示动作的词，如：eat、result、differ、feature、shape、softer.翻译时谊转换成主语。Thermosetting materials differ from thermoplastic in that one they have become set or molded into a give shape they cant be heated and be shaped.热固性与热塑性塑料的区别在于一旦固化成型为一预定的形状，它们将不能再加热或再成型。25.v（3）、句子结构的转换。包括：简单句译为复合句或复合句译为简单句。一种从句译为另一种从句，以及句序的颠倒。Higher temperatures are associated with greater melting rates.温度升高，熔化速度就加快。It is important to become familiar with the outstanding physical and chemical properties of plastics so you can make wise selection for their use.要想对塑料的使用做出合理的选择，熟悉各种塑料主要的物理和化学性能是非常重要的。（句序）26.v（4）、表达方式的转换。语态的转换。This can be used to advantage in certainapplications by proper design.通过适当的设计，这一性能可能在某些用途上很有用处。（被主）Other factors to be considered are the molding temperature,moisture absorption of the resin.树脂的成型温度及吸湿性是被考虑的另外一些因素。（主被）Solvent is slowly imbibed into the polymer to produce a swollen gel.溶剂分子慢慢渗透到聚合物里面，形成溶胀的凝胶。（被主）27.肯定句与否定句的转换。This problem is above me.（肯否）There is no rule that has no exception.任何规则都有例外。28.v、省略法。某些词在英语句子中反复出现。如介词和冠词，在译成汉语时，常将原文中的某些词语略去不译。A 省略冠词。The atom is the smallest particle of an element.原子是元素的最小粒子。B 省略代词。英语中代词使用的较多，而汉语中却较少使用代词。If you know the frequency,you can find thewave length.如果知道频率，就能求出波长。A gas distributes itself uniformly throughout a container.气体均匀的分布在整个容器中。（反身代词）29.C 省略动词。英语里的联系动词以及一些抽象的行为动词（have、make、take）翻译时可以省略。When the crystallinity gets high,the melt point becomes high.结晶度高，熔点就高。TFE（Tetrafluoroethylene）has a low coefficient of friction.v聚氯乙烯的摩擦因数很低。.30.D 省略介词。介词for、in、by、of、with etc.在一定情况下可以省略。The molecular structure is different for various kinds of polymers.各种聚合物的分子结构不同。（省略for、of）E 省略连词。A glass becomes hotter if it is compressed31.F其他词语的省略。Insulators in reality conduct electricity but,nevertheless,their resistance is very high.绝缘体实际上也导电，但其电阻很高。The flow sheet（片、板、张、表、图表）shown in Figis intended to illustrate the one-step process.图是说明一步法的流程图。32.v5、增补法。A 增补法表示复数概念词。After a series of experiments important phenomena have been ascertained.B 对表示动作意义的名词进行增补。activation distribution observation preparation resolution 33.。C 在英语名词或动名词前后补汉语动词 During trial runs and die testing,there is often considerable scrap plastic remaining.D 补充概括性的词。Thermosetting materials have characteristic of rigid strong and infusible.E 增补 This is what we must resolve at first.34.v6、数词的译法。A 汉语译文增加量词。There are three larger injection machines in the workshop.这个车间有三台大型注塑机。B 复数形式数词的译法。数量的复数形式出现时，表示不确定的数目，经常与某些介词或连词用在一起，成为固定词组。Machining is not an economical method of producing a shape,because it has good raw materials converted into hundreds of thousands of scrap chips.机械加工不是一种经济的成型方法，因为该种方法使许多宝贵的原料变成无数废屑。35.C 表示量词的习惯短语。Ten to one,forms of energy come from the Sun directly or indirectly.十之八九，多种形式的能量直接或间接地来自太阳。Second to one 首屈一指A thousand(a hundred)and one 许多的First of all 首先By one hundred percent 百分之百地Of the order of 约By halves 不完全地36.D 用文字表示的数量。Six hundred thousand 600 000Five million,million,million 5*1018Three quadrillion 3*1015Four quintillion 4*108 E 数量增加的译法。A）、用带有“增大”意思的动词（increase,rise,grow,go up）和下列包含有数量n（表示数字）的分数或倍数。（a）by n+单位 表示净增量The production has increased by 36%.产量已增加了36%。37.（b）by n+times 表示净增的倍数 The production has in creased by two times.（c）by a factor of n 表示增加到几倍应译成增加了n-1倍The production of TPU has increased by a factor of 5 since1965.1965年以来聚氨酯的产量增加了4倍。38.B）、用系动词（或行为动词）和下列包含有数量n（用n 代替一个不确定的数）的词语搭配。（a)by n+形、副比较级(more、larger longer、broader、heavier、faster etc)表示净增的数译。A is by 10mm longer than B.A 比B长10mm.（b)Times+比较级+than 表示增加到n倍。可译为“比大（长，宽）n-1倍”This capacity is two to three times than that one.此容量比另一容量大 1到 2倍。39.（C)n times as +形、副、原+as 是的n倍。The Sun is 330 000 times as large as the earth.太阳为地球的33万倍。（d)a n times increase 增加到n倍。可译成增加了n 1倍。The composites showed a two times increase in modulus of elasticity and a five times increase in tensile strength over that of the plain matrix.这些复合材料的弹性模量比单纯基体材料增大了一倍，而拉伸强度则增大了四倍。40.（e)double、treble、quadruple 动词表示增加到的倍数。The efficiency of the knife coaters has been more than doubled or trebled.这些刮刀涂布机的效率已增加了一倍或两倍多。go up half over 比增加一半increase by n powers of ten.增大了10 n 倍n times m nm(m 的n倍)be n%above 比（增）高n%41.F 数量减少的译法。（a）、一般数量的减少。decrease by 10 减少了10 reduce by 20%减少20%fall by 30%下降了30%25%less 少25%（b）、倍数减少。英语中，减少多少倍，成多少倍减少，减少了或减少到百分之几。decrease 2 times 减少到 shorten 10 times 缩减到 1/10 reduce by a factor of 2/5 减少到 2/5（减少3/5）42.a five fold difference 相差4倍 ten times as light as 比轻十分之九the operating cost decreased three times 操作费减少了三分之二（C）、减少一半decrease one-half 减少一半reducing by one-half 缩小一半shorten two times 缩短一半This kind of film is twice thinner than ordinary paper,but its quality is quite good.这种薄膜的厚度只是普通纸的一半，可是质量相当好。43.G 否定句的译法（1）全部否定否定词：not,no,none,never,nobody,nothing,nowhere,neither,nor,None of known solid materials have coefficient of friction lower than TFE.（2）部分否定allnot=some bothnot=oneeverynot=some not many=a fewnot much=a little not always=sometimesEvery polymer cannot be processed through as injection molding.44.（3）意义上的否定Plastics differ from other materials in that they provide a combination of properties rather than extremes of single properties.（4）双重否定：not,no,never,withoutThere is no material but will deform more or less under the action of force.45.H 强调句的译法（1）谓语前加助动词“do”。（2）改变词序。倒装语序：What function of additives is we must understand before determining the formulation.（3）利用“It is(was)+that(which,who)”It is due to high melting point and poor flow ability the TFE is a difficult material to process.46.四、科技文献写作常用句例 v1 Introduction(1)表示目的。The purpose of this paper is to examine the fracture processes on the plane strain deformation of PC blended with ABS copolymer and discuss the mechanism of improvement of toughness.这篇论文的目的是测试PC和ABS 共混物在水平应变变形上的断裂过程，并讨论增韧原理。47.(2)表示意义重要.The study of the mechanical properties in relation to phase separation is very important from the viewpoint of practical application of polymer blends.从聚合物共混体系的实际应用观点看，与相析作用相关的力学性能的研究是非常重要的。(3)表示注重点。It should be stressed that the morphology of multiphase polymeric systems has a primary effect on its properties.需要强调的是：多相聚合物体系的结构及形态对它的性能将产生极大影响。48.Particular emphasis is placed on superior plasticizer permanence in one or more specific areas.特别强调的是一种或多种特定环境中应首先解决增塑剂的稳定问题。(5)表示分类。The science of macromolecules is divided into biological and non-biological materials.高分子科学分为生物和非生物两类。(6)表示方法 As a means of overcoming the short-comings associated with the measurement of solution viscosity for PVC compounds by capillary viscometry we has used 为了克服毛细黏度法测PVC混合物溶液黏度的缺点49.(6)表示成功。In Japan and Europe the focus of use of these materials was in the automotive industry where attempts to replace EPDM rubber in a variety of interior applications was quite successful.对于汽车工业，日本和欧洲主要致力于使用这种材料代替EPDM橡胶在车内设备使用，并取得成功。EPDM：三元乙丙橡胶。Ethylene-propylene diene mischpolymer50.(7)说明某研究有成功，但不完善。Currently the QUV accelerated weathering tester,developed by the QUV-panel company,is being used in conjunction with outdoor testing of PVC compounds,however,the question still remains:can the QUV be used in place of outdoor weathering for purpose of setting up product specifications and for reliable discrimination between various PVC compounds.近年来由QUV-Panel 公司发展起来的QUV 加速风化实验作为对PVC材料的室外相关实验已被应用。然而，此项研究仍存在以下问题：QUV 实验能否替代室外风化实验建立对于各种不同种类PVC 材料产品的详细说明和可信的分辨力法。51.2 用公式表示并注明各种意义时的用语。For endothermic mixing,the heat of mixing per unit volume is given by:H=12(1-2)2Where is volume fraction,and subscripts 1 and 2 refer to solvent and polymer,respectively.The quantity 8 is the cohevise energy density,or for small molecules the energy of vaporization per unit volume.对于吸热混合，单位体积的混合热是H=12(1-2)2,这里是体积分数，下标1和2分别表示溶剂和聚合物。是内聚能密度，对小分子来说是单位体积的气化能。52.3 用表或图来说明问题的句子。常用的谓语动词，show(显出，指出)，illustrate(说明，阐明)，give(提出，给出)，summarize(概括，总结)，describe(描绘，叙述)，indicate(指出，表明)，list(列举)，present(描述，提出)，represent(描述，阐述).(1)Figure 2 illustrates a typical DMS experiment.图2说明了一典型的DMS测试方法。(2)Youngs modulus and mold shrinkage of the blend decrease with increasing PU content,as shown in Figure 3.图3显示出共混体系的杨氏模量和模塑收缩率随氨酯含量的增加而降低。53.(3)The results are represented if Fig.4.实验结果如图4所示。(4)The data are presented in Table 1.数据见表1。(5)The formulation of the mixes are given in Table 5.表5中给出了混合体系的配方。(6)The polymer properties are listed in Table2.表2中列举了聚合物的各项性能。54.4 一些曲线图和数据的标题用语。这些标题用语一般不是完整的句子，而只是短语。常用的关键词有：relationship关系，联系；effect 作用；influence 影响；comparison比较；formulations配方、公式；variation变化、变动 composition 成分、组成、配方。(1)Formulation of Rubber Compounds in parts by weigh(pbw).用重量分数表示的橡胶混合物的配方。(2)Composition in Parts per Hundred of NR and SBR membranes.用百分率表示的制备天然橡胶和丁苯胶膜的配方。55.(3)Stress-Relaxation Parameters of Block copolymers measured at 750C.在750C测定的嵌段共聚物的应力-松弛参数。(4)Variation of yield stress as a function of the content of ABS.ABS含量对屈服应力产生的影响。(5)Effect of CB content on glass transition temperature(Tg).CB含量对玻璃化转变的影响。56.(6)The relationship between tensile strength and various compositions of PC/ABS blends.拉伸强度与PC/ABS 共混体系不同组成之的关系。(7)Temperature dependencies of dynamic mech