人教(PEP)六年级英语下册-重点句型语法总结.doc

PEP小学英语重点句型语法总结
人教版PEP教材在小学阶段涉及的重要语法知识主要有7种：
to be句型、there be句型、一般现在时句型、现在进行时句型、一般过去时句型、情态动词can引导的型、be going to句型等，简要总结如下：
[一] to be句型：用于介绍个人情况如姓名、健康状况、身份、国籍、家庭成员、朋友、职业等，描述地点、颜色、四季、日期、星期几等，该句型广泛分布于各册教材中，其中5—8册的句型主要有：
1. Who’s your English teacher?   Mr. Carter.  
2. What’s he like?  He’s tall and strong.
3. Is she quiet? No, she isn’t.  She is very active.
4. Is she strict?  Yes, she is, but she’s very kind.
5. What day is it today? It’s Wednesday.
6. What’s your favourite fruit/food…? 
7. They’re sweet/ sour/ salty/ healthy/…
8. When is your birthday? It’s in May.
9. My birthday is in June.  Uncle Bill’s birthday is in June, too.
10. Is her birthday in June?  Yes, it is.   
11. What’s the date? 
12.This is Zhang Peng.
13. Where is the cinema, please? It’s next to the hospital.
14. How tall are you？  I’m 164 cm tall.    
15. You are shorter than me.
16.You’re 4 cm taller than me.  
17.How heavy are you?  I’m 48 kg.
18. I’m thinner than you, and shorter.
19. What’s the matter with you?   My throat is sore.
20. How are you, Liu Yun / Sarah?

[二] there be句型：表示存在，即：“某处有某物”或“某时有某事”。句型基本结构为：There is+ 可数名词单数或不可数名词+时间或地点。There are+可数名词复数+地点。该句型主要分布在第5册的Unit 5和Unit 6中，如：
1. There are two bedrooms, a kitchen, a bathroom and a living room.
2. There is a mirror, a bed and a big closet.
3. Is there a forest in the park?  Yes, there is.
4. Is there a river?  No, there isn’t.
5. Are there any pandas in the mountains?  No, there aren’t.
6. Are there any fish in the rivers?   Yes, there are.

[三] 一般现在时句型：表示习惯性的动作或行为，或现在存在着的状况。句型基本结构为：主语+行为动词+其他。当主语是第三人称单数时，要在动词原形后面加s或es，其他人称作主语时则用动词原形，在问句及否定句中需要用助动词do或does。这种句型通常有一些标志词，如：usually  often   sometimes  never  always等。该句型主要分布在第5册Unit2&3，第6册Unit1&2, 第7册Unit4,5,6, 第8册Unit2中。如：
Book5:
1. What do you have on Thursdays?  We have English, math and science on Thursdays.   
2. What do you do on Saturdays?  I watch TV on Saturdays.
3. I do my homework.
4. What do you have for lunch on Mondays?  We have tomatoes, tofu and fish.
5. I like fruit. But I don’t like grapes.
Book6:
1. When do you eat dinner? I eat dinner at 7:00 in the evening.
2. When do you get up?  I usually get up at 12:00 noon.
3. What do you do on the weekend?  Usually I watch TV and go shopping.
4. Sometimes I visit my grandparents. I often play football. Sometimes I go hiking.
5. Which season do you like best? I like winter best.
6. Why do you like summer/winter?
Book7:
1. How do you go to school, Sarah? 
2. Usually I go to school on foot.  Sometimes I go by bike.
3. I like collecting stamps. He likes collecting stamps, too.
4. Does she teach math?  Yes, she does.
5. Does she teach English？ No, she doesn’t.  She teaches math.
6. What does your mother do?  What does your father do?
7. Where does she work?  She works in a car pany.
8. How does she go to work?  She goes to work by bus.
9. Where does the rain e from?  It es from the clouds.
10. Where does the cloud e from?  It es from the vapour.
11. Where does the vapour e from?   It es from the water in the river.
12. The sun shines and the water bees vapour.
13. How do you do that? 
Book8:
1. My nose hurts.
2. How do you feel?    I feel sick.   How does Amy feel?
3. You look so happy.  You look sad today. 

[四] 现在进行时句型：表示说话时正在进行的动作或事件，或在短期内正在进行的动作或存在的情况。标志词是：now 也常用在Look! Listen!等后面。句型主要结构为：be动词（am, is, are）+动词现在分词(v. ing)。该句型主要分布在第6册Unit4, 5, 6中。如：
1. What are you doing?  I’m doing the dishes.   I’m reading a book.
2. Grandpa is writing a letter.  Brother is doing homework. Mom is cooking dinner in the kitchen.
3. He is writing an e-mail in the study.
3. What is it doing ?  It’s eating bananas.  
4. What is she doing ?   She’s jumping.  
5. What are they doing ?  They’re swimming.  They’ re climbing trees.
6. Are you eating lunch?   No, we aren’t.
7. Are they eating the honey?  Yes, they are.
8. Is he playing chess?  Yes, he is. 
9. Is she counting insects?  No, she isn’t.

[五] 一般过去时句型：表示过去发生的而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况。句型基本结构为：主语+动词过去式+其他。标志词通常是：yesterday, last week ,  last year 等，在问句与否定句中要用助动词did。该句型分布在第8册Unit3&4中。如：
1.What did you do last weekend?   I played football.
2. Did you help them clean their room?  Yes, I did.
3.What did you do yesterday?   I went fishing.
4. Did you read book?   Yes, I did.
5. Did you clean your room?  No, I didn’t.
6.Where did you go on your holiday?  I went to Xinjiang.
7. What did you do there?  I sang and danced with my new friends.
8. How did you go there？  I went by train.
此外，一般过去时也可用来表示客气的询问。如：
Book3 Unit5, Book 5 Unit3中的：What would you like for lunch? I’d like some…

[六] 情态动词can引导的句型：表示有能力做某事，can后面的动词要用原形。该句型主要分布在第5册Unit4和第7册Unit1中。如：
Book4: 1. What can you do?   I can sweep the floor.   I can cook the meals.
2. I can water the flowers.    
3. Can you make the bed?    No, I can’t. 
4. Can you use a puter?    Yes, I can.
Book7:  How can I get to Zhongshan Park?  You can go by the No. 15 bus.

[七] 将来时：我们的教材中出现过两种表示将来时的句型，即：will和be going to句型，主要以be going to句型为主，表示将要做某事或打算做某事。句型主要结构：am/is/are + going to + v.原形。标志词有：tomorrow  next weekend  this morning  this weekend  next…be going to
Book7:
1. What are you going to do this weekend?   I am going to visit my grandparents.
2. Where are you going?   I am going to the cinema.
3. How is he going to Beijing?    He is going to Beijing by plane.
4. When is she going to Xiashan?    She is going to go there at 9:00 am

英语名词单数变复数的规则
1)单数名词加s: students, apples, bags, trees, books, brothers.
2)以s、x、sh、ch结尾的名词加es: glasses, boxes, brushes, matches.
3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es: cities, babies, enemies.
4)以f或fe结尾的名词，多数变f为v加es: wives, knives.但有些词只加s: roofs, proof s, chiefs.
5)以o结尾的名词，有些加es: Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes.其它加s: radio s, zoos, pianos, photos.
6)不规则名词：foot→feet, goose→geese, tooth→teeth, child→children, man→me n, woman→women, sheep→sheep, deer→deer, mouse→mice.
7)某些外来词变复数：datum→data, medium→media, bacterium→bacteria, curriculum→curricula, criterion→criteria, phenomenon→phenomena. (um/on→a)analysis→analyses, basis→bases, crisis→crises, diagnosis→diagnoses.(is→es )
8)复合名词变复数：以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式，如：homework.
以man或woman为前缀的复合名词变复数，前后两个名词都变复数，如：manservant→menservants, woman student women students.
其它复合名词变复数：grownup→grownups, brotherinlaw→brothersinlaw, standby→standsby.
9)复合形容词做定语时，其中的名词保持单数：a sixyearold boy，a twohundredpage book
英语中名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词在应用时有单数和复数形式。表示一个用单数，表示两个或两个以上用复数。复数名词的构成分为规则变化和不规则变化。
1.规则变化：
1) 一般在名词词尾加s，
① map—maps地图，bird—birds鸟，
orange—oranges 桔子，
bike—bikes自行车；
2) 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词加es，
① box—boxes盒子，class—classes班级，watch—watches手表， dish-dishes盘，碟子，餐具；
3) 以O结尾的名词后面加s或es
① photo—photos相片 radio—radios收音机 zoo—zoos动物园
tomato—tomatoes西红柿 potato—potatoes土豆
4) 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i+es
① baby—babies婴儿 family—families家庭；
以元音字母加y结尾的名词直接加s
① boy—boys男孩 toy—toys 玩具；
5) 以fe或f结尾的名词，把fe或f变为ves
① knife—knives小刀
wife—wives妻子
leaf—leaves树叶。
二：名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。
如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2）单复同形 如：
deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese
li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。
如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说
a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。
如： The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes
若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼
现在分词构成
　①直接在动词的后面加上ing，如do→doing，sing→singing，fort→forting
　　②以不发音的e结尾的动词，把e去掉，再加ing，如dance→dancing，hike→hiking
　　※注意※ 这里的e必须不发音，若发音，则不能去掉，如see→seeing
　　③最后一个闭音节重读且后面只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写这个辅音字母再加ing，如cut→cutting，swim→swimming
④以ie结尾的动词，要把ie变成y再加ing，如die→dying，lie→lying
过去分词
　(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。（然而要注意的是，过去分词并不是过去式）
　　work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
　　(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
　　live---lived---lived ,
　　(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。
　　study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried ,
　　(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。
　　stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped—dropped

基数词变序数词

一、二、三，单独记； 八加h，九去e， ve要用f替，
整十基数变序数，先把ty变成tie；
要是遇到两位数，十位基数个位序，th最后加上去。 

解析口诀：one→first， two→second， three→third这三个词变化特殊，要单独记；eight→eighth， nine→ninth， 八去t，九去e后再加-th； five→fifth， twelve→twelfth，五、十二把ve换成f再加-th；twenty→twentieth， thirty→thirtieth... 整十先把词尾y改为ie再加-th。两位数时则十位数用基数词，个位数用序数词，如：twenty-first。