溶血性贫血.ppt

n 溶血性溶血性贫贫血血1.n溶血性贫血（hemolytic anemia）是指由于红细胞寿命缩短、破坏增加、骨髓造血功能不足以代偿红细胞的耗损n溶血性疾病：发生溶血，骨髓能够代偿（6-8倍能力），不出现贫血溶血性贫血的定义2.（一）红细胞内在缺陷1.遗传性：n（1）膜的缺陷：遗传性球形细胞增多症n（2）酶的缺乏：葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶（G6PD）缺乏n（3）珠蛋白生成障碍：即血红蛋白病 肽链合成量的异常：海洋性贫血 肽链质的异常：异常血红蛋白病2.获得性：阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿（paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglo-binuria,PNH）病 因3.（二）红细胞外在因素1.免疫性因素：n（1）自身免疫性溶血性贫血（AIHA）n（2）同种免疫性溶血性贫血：新生儿溶血症；血型不合的输血反应2.物理和机械损伤：n（1）行军性血红蛋白尿症、人工心脏瓣膜n（2）物理损伤：大面积烧伤、放射损害3.化学药物和生物因素：n（1）磺胺类、苯类、砷和铅等n（2）疟疾、溶血性链球菌、支原体肺炎、蛇毒和毒蕈中毒4.循环血液红细胞血红蛋白间接胆红素单单核巨噬核巨噬细细胞系胞系统统尿胆原正常正常红细红细胞代胞代谢谢与葡萄糖醛酸结合直接胆红素粪胆原尿胆原尿胆素门静脉5.溶血性黄疸溶血性黄疸发发生机理示意生机理示意图图循环血液红细胞血红蛋白间接胆红素与葡萄糖醛酸结合直接胆红素单单核巨噬核巨噬细细胞系胞系统统尿胆原尿胆原粪胆原尿胆原尿胆素门静脉6.n（1）急性溶血性贫血：头痛、呕吐、高热 腰背四肢酸痛，腹痛 酱油色小便 面色苍白与黄疸 严重者有周围循环衰竭、少尿、无尿n（2）慢性：贫血；黄疸；肝脾肿大临床表现7.1.确定是否为溶血性贫血：n（1）红细胞寿命缩短：51r标记红细胞n（2）红细胞破坏增多：RBC、Hb，且无出血 血清间接胆红素增高 尿胆原排泄增加，尿胆红素阴性 血清结合珠蛋白减少 实验室检查8.血管内溶血的检查：血红蛋白血症和血红蛋白尿，大量溶血时可检测血浆中游离血红蛋白。血红蛋白尿的出现提示有严重的血管内溶血，血红蛋白尿应与肌红蛋白尿鉴别含铁血黄素尿，Rous试验阳性多见于慢性血管内溶血，如PNH9.n（3）红细胞代偿性增生：网织红细胞增多，绝对值升高 10.外周血中出现幼红细胞，类白血病反应骨髓幼红细胞增生红细胞形态异常：多染性、Howell-Jolly小体、cabot环、红细胞碎片11.Howell-Jolly小体cabot环红细胞碎片12.2.进一步确定溶血的病因n（1）Coombs试验（AIHA）n（2）Ham试验阳性（PNH）n（3）血红蛋白电泳和碱变性试验：海洋性贫血n（4）异丙醇试验：不稳定血红蛋白病n（5）高铁血红蛋白还原试验和变性珠蛋白小体（Heinz小体）生成试验：G6PD缺乏症n（6）红细胞特殊形态：靶形红细胞、盔形细胞、破碎细胞n（7）红细胞渗透脆性：增加：球形细胞 减低：海洋性贫血13.镰状红细胞球形红细胞脾脏，窦状隙被球形红细胞塞满了 14.1.病史2.症状和体征（二）实验室检查HA的诊断（一）临床表现15.n1.去除病因和诱因n2.糖皮质激素：AIHAn3.免疫抑制剂：AIHAn4.脾切除：遗传性球形细胞增多症n5.成份输血：AIHA及PNH，输注同型血洗涤 红细胞HA的治疗16.自身免疫性溶血性贫血（autoimmune hemolytic anemia,AIHA）因某种原因产生红细胞自身抗体使红细胞破坏加速所引起的溶血性贫血温抗体型温抗体型AIHAAIHA冷抗体型冷抗体型AIHAAIHA临临床分型床分型17.由于引起红细胞破坏的自身抗体在37温度下对红细胞膜抗原的亲和力最强而得名，这种自身抗体主要是IgG型，其次为非凝集性IgM，偶有IgA型 温抗体型是AIHA中最常见的类型，可见于任何年龄，以中青年女性多见温抗体型AIHA18.n原发性：病因不明n继发性：淋巴瘤、慢性淋巴细胞白血病、SLE、感染、肿瘤、药物等药物与血浆蛋白形成免疫复合物，产生抗体，非特异性吸附于红细胞表面，激活补体常见药物：利福平病 因19.诊断要点（一）临床表现1.发病较缓慢，可先有头昏、软弱，渐出现贫血，可呈反复发作2.贫血：为主要表现，一般为慢性轻至中度贫血，而稳定期可无贫血3.黄疸：肝脾可呈轻至中度肿大4.继发性者，有原发病的表现，易忽视本病5.急性发病者，多见于儿童，偶见成人，呈急性溶血的表现6.特殊类型：AIHA伴血小板减少性紫癜，称为Evans综合征20.（二）实验室检查1.血红蛋白减少，其程度不一；网织红细胞增多；血涂片：可见球形红细胞增多及体积较大的红细胞和有核红细胞2.骨髓象以红细胞系增生为主3.血 清 胆 红 素：一 般 在 42.75 85.50mol/L（2.5mg%5mg%）之间，以间接胆红素为主4.抗人球蛋白试验（Coombs试验）：直接阳性，间接大多阴 性。少数Coombs试验呈阴性，但激素治疗有效21.治 疗（一）去除病因、治疗原发病：应积极控制感染，立即停用可能相关的药物。继发于某些肿瘤（如卵巢肿瘤等），可行手术切除（二）糖皮质激素：温抗体型AIHA的首选药物治疗。对激素疗效最好的是原发性自身免疫性溶血性贫血或SLE病人（三）免疫抑制剂：用于对糖皮质激素治疗无效或必须依赖大剂量泼尼松维持者，或切脾后无效或复发的患者（四）脾切除：糖皮质激素治疗无效，或需要15mg天泼尼松长期维持血红蛋白一定水平者，或不能耐受激素副作用者，可考虑脾切除22.（五）其它治疗：1.大剂量免疫球蛋白静脉滴注：对温抗体型AIHA可能有效，但价格昂贵，只有短暂疗效2.血浆置换术：用于治疗无效的危重病例3.达那唑（danazol）：用于治疗难治性AIHA（六）支持治疗1.输注洗涤红细胞：输全血可提供大量补体，有加重本病溶血的危险。当严重贫血危及生命时，输注洗涤红细胞，必须严密观察病情2.补充叶酸：由于骨髓代偿性造血旺盛，有叶酸相对不足23.阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿（PNH）PNH是一种由于造血干细胞磷酸酰肌醇糖苷A（PIG-A）基因突变所致的疾病，表现为后天获得性红细胞膜内在缺陷的慢性血管内溶血性贫血，临床上主要以慢性血管内溶血性和血红蛋白尿为特征24.发病机制造血干细胞的PIG-A基因位于X染色体上，是糖基磷脂酰肌醇（glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol,GPI）生物合成基因GPI的功能是将某些蛋白固定在细胞膜上，其中有两种蛋白即补体调节蛋白（衰变加速因子CD55）和膜攻击复合物的抑制因子（CD59）依赖GPI固定在细胞膜上。这两种蛋白能保护红细胞免受补体攻击由于PIG-A基因突变而导致造血干细胞膜上GPI缺乏，使其锚定蛋白异常。随着造血干细胞的分化发育成熟，不同血细胞均带有GPI锚定蛋白减少或缺乏。引起红细胞对补体的敏感性增强而溶血25.诊断要点（一）临床表现n1.慢性血管内溶血，间断Hb尿（酱油色小便）n2.以贫血为主，血栓栓塞症状，感染n3.再障-PNH综合征26.（二）实验室检查：n1.血象：血红蛋白减低，全血细胞减少n2.骨髓象：红系增生n3.酸化血清溶血试验（Ham试验）：+n4.蔗糖溶血试验：+n5.蛇毒因子（cobra venom factor,CoF）溶血试验：+n6.含铁血黄素尿（Rous试验）：n7.膜蛋白异常的检测：CD55和CD59缺乏n8.染色体核型异常:+827.治 疗（一）预防急性溶血发作的诱因（二）急性溶血的处理：n1.去除诱因n2.糖皮质激素n3.6%右旋糖酐5001000ml静脉滴注n4.预防急性肾衰竭：碱化尿液n5.血栓形成的防治（三）贫血的治疗：雄激素、叶酸、补充铁剂、输注 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