新编跨文化交际期末复习.doc

新编跨文化交际期末复习资料
1.Iceberg: {Edward. 7. Hall.--<The silence of language>标志着“跨文化交流”学科的开始} Culture can be viewed as an iceberg. Nine-tenths of an iceberg is out of sight (below the water line). Likewise, nine-tenths of culture is outside of conscious awareness. The part of the cultural iceberg that above the water is easy to be noticed. The out-of-awareness part is sometimes called “deep culture”. This part of the cultural iceberg is hidden below the water and is thus below the level of consciousness. People learn this part of culture through imitating models. / Above the water: what to eat, how to dress, how to keep healthy；Below the water: belief, values, worldview and lifeview, moral emotion, attitude personalty
2.Stereotype:定型主义 a stereotype is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category, with no distinctions made among individuals. In other words, it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.
3.Ethnocentrism: 民族中心主义Ethnocentrism is the technical name for the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. It refers to our tendency to identify with our in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standard.
4.Culture: Culture can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of group of people about life’s concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.
5.Cultural values: Values inform a member of a culture about what is good and bad, right and wrong, true and false, positive and negative, and the like. Cultural values defines what is worth dying for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people, what are proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity.
6.Worldview: A worldview is a culture’s orientation toward such things as God, nature, life, death, the universe, and other philosophical issues that are concerned with the meaning of life and with “being”.
7.Social Organizations: The manner in which a culture organizes itself is directly related to the institution within that culture. The families who raise you and the goverments with which you associate and hold allegiance to all help determine hoe you perceive the world and how you behave within that world.
8.Globalization: refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders are becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.
9.Communication: Communication is any behavior that is perceived by others. So it can be verbal and nonverbal, informative or persuasive, frightening or amusing, clear or unclear, purposeful or accidental, communication is our link to the rest of the humanity. It pervades everything we do.
10.Elements of communication process:交流过程的基本原理
（1）.context: The interrelated conditions of communication make up what is known as context.
（2）.The participants: in communication play the roles of sender and receiver, sometimes—as in face-to-face communication—of the messages simultaneously.
（3）. messages: are far more complex. They include the elements of meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.
（4）. A channels: is both the route traveled by the messages and the means of transportation. We may use sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any combination of these to carry a message.
（5）. noise: is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with the sharing of meaning. External noise: sight, sound…Internal noise: thoughts, feeling…Semantic noise: unintended meaning aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding.
（6）.Feedback: As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to give some kind of verbal or nonverbal response. This response, called feedback, tells the sender whether the massage has been heard, seen, or understood.
11.Abraham Mslow (亚伯拉罕•马斯洛) –five basic needs五个需求
1. physiological needs—food, water, air, rest, clothing, shelter, and all necessary to sustain life
2. safety needs—physically safe, psychologically secure
3. belongingness needs—accepted by other people and needs to belong to a group or groups. 4. esteem needs—recognition, respect, reputation 5. self-actualization needs-the highest need of a person
12.Culture Dimensions 文化维度

China
America
Individualism 个人
VS Collectivism集体
CDX: obligation to the group, dependence of the individual on organizations and insitutions, a “we” consciousness, an emphasis on belonging. Eg. Pakistan, West Afeican outgroup
IDX: independence, privacy, self, the all important I. eg. Australia, the Netherlands, the United States ingroup
Uncertainty avoidance
避免不确定性
Low-UAIs: in tolerating people, in taking risks, trying new things. Eg. Denmark, Jamaica, Ireland, Singapore
High UAIs: not tolerate dissent, ensure certainty and security through extensive set of rules, regulations, and rituals. Eg. Greece, Guatemala, Portugal
Power distance权力距离
High-PDIs: the actions of authorities, social hierarchy. Eg. Guatemala, Malaysia, The Philippines
Low-PDIs: using power only for legitimate purpose. Eg. Australia, the Netherlands, Denmark, Israel
Masculinity阳刚 VS femininity柔美
High-MAS: believe in achievement and ambition in judging people on the basis of their performance; in the right to display the material goods that they have been acquired. Eg. Australia, Italy, Japan, Mexico
Low-MAS: believe less in external achievements and shows of manliness; more in the importance of life choices that improve intrinsic aspects of the quality of life. Eg. Chile, Portugal, Sweden, Thailand
Long-term 长期
VS 短期
Short-term orientation
Long-term: life value social order and long-range goals; admire persistence, thriftiness, humility; a sense of shame; status differerces within interpersonal relationships.
Short-term: changing event have a deep appreciation for tradition, personal steadiness and stability, maintaining the “face” of self and others, immediate gratification of one’s needs
13.A High-context: 内向型communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. Eg. Japanese, Chinese, Korean, African American, Native American. self-effacement隐匿自我
A Low-context:外向型 communication is just the opposite, the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code, and the context or situation plays a minimal role. Eg. German-Swiss, German, Scandinavian, American, French, English self-enhancement凸显自我
Low-context interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk”. High-context interaction, in comparison, stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus, self-effacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.
Eg: In Scene 1 and spell out everything that is on their minds with no restraints. Their interaction exchange is direct, to the point, bluntly contentious, and full of face-threat verbal message. Scene 1 represents one possible low-context way of approaching interpersonal conflict.
In Scene 2, has not directly expressed her concern over the piano noise with because she wants to preserve face and her relationship with . Rather, only uses indirect hints and nonverbal signals to get her point across. However, correctly “reads between the lines” of verbal message and apologizes appropriately and effectively before a real conflict can bubble to surface. Scene 2 represents one possible high-context way of approaching interpersonal conflict.
Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles self-enhancement and self-effacement凸显自我，隐匿自我
In the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intentions and are enunciated in a forthright tone of voice. In the indirect verbal style, verbal statements tend to camouflage the speaker’s actual intentions and are carried out with more nuanced tone of voice.
14.Colors: Black: death, evil, mourning, sexy; Blue-cold, sad, sky, masculine; Green-envy, greed, money; Pink: feminine, shy, softness, sweet; Red: anger, hot, love, sex; White: good, innocent, peaceful, pure; Yellow: caution, happy, sunshine, warm
15.Functions of Nonverbal Communication: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating contradicting
16.Confucian teaching key principles: 1.Social order and stability are based on unequal relationships between people. 2. The family is the prototype for all social relationships. 3. Proper social behavior consist of not treating others as you would not like to be treated yourself. 4. People should be skilled , educated, hardworking, thrifty, modest, patient, and persevering.
Four books and five classical: The Analects of Confucian <论语>, Mencius <孟子>，Great Learning <大学>， The Doctrines of Mean <中庸> / Classic of poetry <诗经>， Book of documents <尚书>, Book of kites <礼记>, Classic of changes <周易>, Spring and Autumn Annals <春秋>. 仁义礼智信：merciful, justified, polite, intelligent, honest
17.The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: language becomes our shaper of ideas rather than simple our tool for reporting ideas, language influenced or even determined the ways in which people thought. The central idea of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that language functions, not simply as a device for reporting experience, but also, and more significantly, as a way of defining experience for its speaker
Influence: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has alerted people to the fact language is keyed to the total culture, and that it reveals a people’s view of its total environment. Language directs the perceptions of its speakers to certain things; it gives them ways to analyze and to categorize experience. Such perceptions are unconscious and outside the control of the speaker. The ultimate value of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that it offers hints to cultural differences and similarities among people.
18.The way people speak
High involvement高度卷入: 1. talk more 2. interrupt more 3. expect to be interrupted 4. talk more loudly at times 5. talk more quickly. Eg. Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, South American, Arab, African
High considerateness高度体谅: 1, speak one at a time 2. use polite listening sounds, 3. refrain from interrupting, 4. give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners. Eg. Mainstream American
19.文化维度Orientation—Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck Beliefs and Behaviors
Human nature
Basically evil
(American)
Minture of good &evil.
Neither good nor evil
Basically good (American)
Relationshia of man to nature
Man subjugated by nature
Man in harmony with nature (Chinese)
Man the master of nature (American)
Sense of time
Past-oriented
Present-oriented
Future-oriented(American)
Activity
Being (stress on who you are)
Growing (stress on self-developing)
Doing (stress on what you do) (American)
Social relationships
Authoritarian
Group-oriented(Chinese)
Individualistic(American)
20.Chinese VS English-----Chinese: open, visual, old. English: close, changing, modern
21.Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication跨文化交际中的绊脚石
(1) Assumption of similarities假定相似 (2) Language differences (3) Nonverbal misinterpretations不用言语表达的误解 (4) Preconception先入为主的概念的固定形式 (5) Tendency to evaluate评价意图 (6) High anxiety焦虑 (7) Conclusion
22. Essentials of Human Communication
(1) Communication is a dynamic process. (2) Communication is symbolic. (3) Communication is systemic. (4) Communication involves making inferences. (5) Communication has a consequence
23. How is language related to culture
Culture and language are intertwined and shape each other. In our own environment we aware of the implications of these choices. All languages have social questions and information questions. The point is that words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context the cultural usage. In addition to the environment, language reflects cultural values.
24.More words/expression→important role in culture
In Chinese we have many kinship terms, some of which seem to have no equivalents in English. Compared with Chinese, English has fewer kinship terms. The difference is not just linguistic; it is infundamentally cultural.
25.A culture’s conception of time can be examined from three different perspectives: 1. informal time; 2. perceptions of past, present, and future; 3. monochromic and polychromic.
26.Monochronic(M-time) 单维时间and polychromic(P-time)多维时间
Monochronic people:美国人 Do one thing at a time. Concentrate on the job. Take time commitments seriously. Are committed to the job. Adhere to plans. Are concerned about not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy. Show great respect for private property; seldom borrow or lend. Emphasize promptness. Are accustomed to short-term relationships.
Polychromic people: 中国人Do many things at once. Are easily distracted and subject to interruptions. Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible. Are committed to people and human relationships. Change plans often and easily. Are more concerned with people close to them(family, friend, close business associates) than with privacy. Borrow and lend things often and easily. Base promptness on the relationship. Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships.
27.Adapting to a New Culture
culture shock.: Any number of symptoms征兆 can occur during cycles of culture shock. These symptoms can be (1)physiological (2)emotionally (3)communication
Predeparture stage: Stage one: everything is beautiful. Stage two: everything is awful. Stage three: everything is OK.
Adaptation and reentry再进入 Methods: 1. patience. 2. meet new people. 3. try new things. 4. give yourself periods of rest and thought. 5. work on your self-concept. 6. write. 7. observe body language. 8. learn the verbal language.