初中被动语态语法讲解——课堂教案.doc

初中被动语态语法讲解
(一) 语 态 分 类
英语动词有两种语态.，主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：
  They will build a new bridge over the river. ( )
A new bridge will be built over the river. ( )
英语用：助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成。
(二) 被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化
        主要体现在be的变化上，动词的过去分词不变。
列表如下：
一般现在时： + done
一般过去时： + done
一般将来时： + done
过去将来时： + done
现在进行时：am / is / are + being + done
过去进行时：was / were + being + done
现在完成时： + done
过去完成时：had + been + done
将来完成时：shall /  will + have been + done
过去将来完成时：should / would + have been + done  
［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。
(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态
1. 一般现在时：
(1)People grow rice in the south of the country.
Rice   in the south of the country.
(2)The school doesn't allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
We  enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
2. 一般过去时：
(1)The students didn't forget his lessons easily.
His lessons 
3. 一般将来时：
(1)They will send cars abroad by sea.
Cars  .
(2)They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.
Plenty of jobs  .
4.现在完成时：
(1)Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off.
I   the sports meeting might be put off.
(2)He has brought his book here.
His book  here.
(四） 含有情态动词的被动语态：
     含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。
  (1)You must hand in your compositions after class.
Your compositions   after class.
(2)He can write a great many letters with the computer.
A great many letters  him.
(五) 被 动 语 态 的 使 用
1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by 短语。
  “Mr. White, the cup （break） after class. ”
2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。
  These records were made by John Denver.
The cup was broken by Paul.
3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in + 名词作状语，而代替 by 短语。
  These cars were made in China.
be made of、be made from
(六)主动语态变被动语态的方法
（1）  My aunt invited   me   to her dinner party.
主语   谓语  宾语
→   I    to her dinner party.
主语  谓语         宾语
（2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers.
→     in the school.
1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be + 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。
3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by 短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in + 地点名词作状语。
(七)语态转换时所注意的问题
1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
    We have bought a new computer.
A new computer .  
2.  含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多.
V + sb sth = sb be V-ed sth
    My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.
I on my birthday.
    如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：
  A present me on my birthday.
注意：1.一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：
      bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。
      (1) The book the class. (show)
(2) My bike her. (lend)
      2.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如：
    build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。
     (1) A new skirt me. (make)
(2) The meat us. (cook)
(3) Some country music us.     (play)
3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：
不及物动词+ 介词，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。
  The patient is being operated on.
The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.
及物动词+ 副词：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。
  His request was turned down.
The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather
4. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：
    (1) We always keep the classroom clean.
→The classroom .
(2) She told us to follow her instructions.
→We .
注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。
    We often hear him play the guitar.
→He play the guitar.
5. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody,作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：
    Nobody can answer this question.
The question can be answered by nobody. (×)
The question .
6. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：
       They haven't done anything to make the river clean.
Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean. （×）
.
7. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首：
           Who wrote the story?
Who was the story written? （×）
?
8. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：
  (1)The cloth washes easily.  这布很好洗。
(2)The new product sells well.  这新产品很畅销。
对比：
The books sell well. (主动句)
The books were sold out. (被动句)
The meat didn’t cook well. (主动句)
The meat was cooked for a long time. (被动句)
9. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：
第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。
  (1)— Do you like the material?   — Yes, it （feel） very soft.
(2)The food (taste) delicious.
(3)The pop music (sound) beautiful.
第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等,不用被动语态。
  He entered the room and got his book.
误：The room was entered and his book was got.
She had her hand burned.
误：Her hand was had burned.
第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：
  The fire broke out in the capital building.
误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.
第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。
  When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.
误：The sun had already been risen.
After the earthquake, few houses remained.
误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.
第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：
  I taught myself English.
误：Myself was taught English.
We love each other.
误：Each other is loved.
10. 在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如：
    据说……              It is said that …
据报导……    It is reported that …
据推测……    It is supposed that …
希望……              It is hoped that …
众所周知……       It is well known that …
普遍认为……       It is generally considered that …
有人建议……       It is suggested that …
1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.
2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.

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