广州牛津版八年级上册英语每单元语法总结.doc

some 一些，某些，某个。可代替名词和形容词。常用于肯定句。在句子中用作主语、宾语、定语。作定语时，它可以修饰单数可数名词和复数可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。

1. 用于肯定句
Ask some boys to help you.（修饰复数可数名词）
叫些男孩来帮助你。
Please bring some coffee.（修饰不可数名词）
请拿些咖啡来。
Ask some girl to come here.（修饰单数可数名词）
叫（某）个女孩来这儿。
2. some 用于疑问句时表示“请求、邀请或希望得到肯定的回答”。
Would you like some coffee?（表示请求、邀请）
请喝咖啡。
Have you some stamps?（希望得到肯定的回答）
你有邮票吧？

any 的用法
any 一些，任何。可代替名词和形容词。常用于否定句或疑问句，也可以用于条件状语从句。作定语时，它可以修饰复数形式的可数名词和不可数名词。
1. 用于疑问句或否定句
Are there any cows in the fields?（修饰复数形式的可数名词）
田里有一些牛吗？
There won't be any trouble.（修饰不可数名词）
没有任何麻烦。
2. 用于条件状语从句
If there is any trouble, let me know.
如果有什么麻烦，要让我知道。
3. any 用于肯定句时，通常要重读，修饰单数可数名词和不可数名词。
Any time you want me, just send for me.
什么时候你需要我，随时叫我来。
Come any day you like.
只要你喜欢，随时可以来。

　　( ) 4 There is not ___ meat in my bowl. There is ____ chicken in it.

　　A. some; any B. any; some C. any; any D. some; some

　　( ) 5 -I have forgotten my bread.

　　-Never mind, you can have____.

　　A. some of us B. some of our C. some of ours D. many of ours

　　( ) 6 -Is there ___ tea in' that green cup?

　　-Yes, there is____.

　　A. the; some B. any; any C. some; any D. any; some

　　( ) 1 Could you do___for me, please?

　　A.everythingB.nothing C. something D. anything

　　( ) 2 The bottle is empty. There is___ in it.

　　A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything

　　( ) 3 -Turn off the TV, Betty. ____ is watching it.

　　-Oh, no. Mum. I'm watching it now.

　　A. somebody B. Nobody C. Everybody D. Anybody

　　( ) 4 -Did you find ___ in the room?

　　-No, we found ___ there.

　　A. anybody; nobody B. somebody; everybody

　　C. anybody; somebody D. everybody; anybody

　　( ) 5 I have a lot of work to do. 1 have___ time to play.

　　A. not B. any C. no D. some

　　( ) 6 As we know, he is___fool.

A. not B. no a C. not an D. No

　　( ) 1 I asked him for some oil, but he hadn't ___.

　　A. some B. any C. anything D. no

　　( ) 2 ___ of the four roads will take you to the hospital.

　　A. Neither B. Either C. Both D. Any

　　( ) 3 Would you lend me of your money? "

　　A. some B. lot C. a few D. any

　　( ) 4 Would you like___more coffee?

　　A. little B. any C. some D. another

　　( ) 5 -Have you any books on radio?

　　-I'd like to borrow ___.

　　A. those B. some C. them D. it

　　( ) 1 Listen to me. I have____ to tell you.

　　A. anything new B. something new C. new something D. nothing new

　　( ) 2 By the way, is there ____ in today's newspaper?

　　A. something new o B. anything new C. new something D. new anything

　　( ) 3 Please be quiet. I have___ to tell you.

　　A. important something B. nothing important

　　C. important anything D. something important

　　( ) 4 I'm not busy. I haven't ____ to do.

　　A. something B. everything C. nothing D. anything

　　( ) 5 ____ has happened, I want you to tell me about it.

　　A. Something B. Everything C. Anything D. Nothing

　　( ) 1 Yesterday morning ___ boy broke into the garden.

　　A. any B. some C. many D. much

　　( ) 2 ___ twenty boys were playing football at that time yesterday.

　　A. Each B. Some C. No one D. Neither

　　( ) 3 Now I have ______ questions. Let's go to ask our teacher.

　　A. any B. much C. some D. a lot

　　( ) 1 If you like these apples, you can take_____.

　　A. any B. a lot C. that . D. this

　　( ) 2 I will do____for my motherland.

　　A. anything B. many C. much D. something

　　( ) 3 -Did they find ___ in the park?

　　-No, they found____there.

　　A. anybody; nobody B. somebody; everybody

　　C. anybody; somebody D. everybody; anybody

　　( ) 1 I don't know_____ of these people, for they are new workers.

　　A. any B. some C. one D. much

　　( ) 2 He didn't take ___ one. They are all here.

A. many B. any C. a little D. That

比较级的构成
一、形容词级的构成 　　
1. 单音节形容词的比较级以及以-ly, -er, -ow结尾的形容词在词尾加-er；以e结尾的形容词在词尾直接加-r构成，重读闭音节双写末位字母再加er。
dark→darker; quick→quicker; ; clever→cleverer; simple→simpler; narrow→narrower。 　　
2. 多音节形容词的比较级在其前加more构成。
important→more important; beautiful→more beautiful。 　　
3. 表语形容词以及由分词变来的形容词，在其前加more构成。
afraid →more afraid; interesting→more interesting; pleased→more pleased。 　　
4. 少数形容词的比较级是不规则的。 　　
good/well→better; bad/ill→worse; far→farther / further;much/many→more;little→less　　
5.以辅音加y结尾的，把y变i，加er。
early→earlier;funny→funnier

基本句型
原级比较
1. 由“．．．as + 形容词 + as．．．”或“．．．as + 形容词 + 名词 + as．．．”构成。 　　 my grandpa is as energetic as a young man. 　　
exercise is as useful a way as any other to lose unwanted weight. 　　
i try to find as much information as i can about what happened. 　　
2. 由“．．．not so (as) + 形容词 + as．．．”或“．．．not so (as) + 形容词 + 名词 + as．．．”构成。 　　luckily the weather was not so wet as it is today.

不同级比较
1. 由“……形容词比较级 + than．．．”构成。 　　
he is more concerned about others than about himself. 　　
2. 由“．．．many / much more + 可数 / 不可数名词 + than．．．” 　　
my friend earned much more money than i did last year.

特殊句型
1.表示“越来越……”的意思: “比较级 + and + 比较级”或“more and more / less and less + 原级”结构，与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow, get, become等。 　　
she felt herself becoming more and more nervous. 　　
as the winter is drawing near, it's getting colder and colder. 　

2.表示两者之间更···the + 比较级 + of the two + 名词。 　　
jane is the taller of the two children in our family. 　　

3. 表示“越……，越……”:“the + 比较级……，the + 比较级……”，
the more magazines you sell, the more money you will get. 　

4. “否定 + 比较级” 相当于最高级。 　　
— wait until we get a satisfactory reply, will you? 　　
— i couldn't agree more. the idea sounds great to me. 　　

5.“a + 比较级 + 名词（than．．．）” 结构常出现在以never构成的完成时态的动词后面。 　　
how beautifully she sings！i have never heard a better voice. 　

6. 倍数表示法：．．．times as + 形容词原级 + as．．．； 　　．．．times + 形容词比较级 + than．．．；．．．times the + 性质名词 + of．．．。 　　
the dining hall is three times as large as that one. 　　
the dining hall is three times larger than that one. 　　
the dining hall is three times the size of that one.

注意事项
1. 为了避免重复, 常用the one代替单数可数名词, the ones, those 代替复数名词, that 代替单数或不可数名词。 　　
2. 当比较对象属于同一范围时，需使用other来排除自身，否则会造成与自身相比较的矛盾。 　　
canada is larger than any other country in north america. 　　
3. “no + 形容词的比较级 + than”结构表达对两者均否定。 don't be proud so early. you are no better than me． 　
4. 比较级前面可以用even, still, yet , any, much, a little, a lot, by far等修饰语用以加强语气或表示比较程度。to tell you the truth, my boyfriend is much older than me
（一） 写出下列形容词与副词的比较级与最高级形式：
long_____ ______ wide ______ _______ fat ____ _____ heavy____ ______
slow ______ _______ few____ _____ brightly______ -_____ bably _____ _______
far____ _____ quickly _____ ______ happy_____ -______ unhappy________
(二)用所给词的正确形式填空：
1. Of the two girls, I find Lucy the _______ (clever).
2. Gold(黄金) is ______ (little) useful than iron(铁).
3. My sister is two years _______ (old ) than I.
4. 4. John’s parents have four daughters, and she is the _____ (young) child.
5. 5. The _____ (cheap) bags are the not usually the best ones.
6. 6. The short one is by far _______ expensive of the five.
7. 7. The boy is not so ______ (interesting) as his brother.
8. 8. Dick sings _____ (well), she sings ______(well) than John, but Mary sings______(well) in her class.
9. 9. She will be much ______ (happy) in her mew house.
10. (三)选择填空：
1． He feels _____ today than yesterday.
A.tired B. more tired C. more tireder D. much tired
2. Which do you like _____, coffee, tea or milk?
A. the worst B. worse C. the worse D. worst
3. The line is ____ than that one.
A. more longer B. not longer C. much more longer D. many more longer
4. The earth is _____ the moon.
A. as 49 times big as B. 49 times as bigger as C. 49 times as big as D.as big as 49 times
5. The book is ____ of the two.
A. thinner B. the thinner C. more thinner D. the thinnest
6. She looks _____ than she does.
A. the more older B. very older C. much older D. more older
7. The garden is becoming ______.
A. more beautiful and more B. more beautiful and beautiful
C. more and more beautiful D. more beautiful and beautifuler
8. They competed（比赛） to see who could work _____.
A. the fastest and best B. the faster and the better
C. fastest and better D. faster and better
9. ______ hurry, _______speed.
A. More, less B. Much, little C. The more, the less D. The much, the little
10. This kind of coffee is different ______.
A. and it is also better B. and better than the other
C. but also than others D. from the other, and better
1）表示截止现在业已完成的动作

By now, I have collected all the data that I need .到现在为止，我已收集到了我所需的全部资料。

She has read 150 pages today .她今天已看了150页。

We haven't met for many years .我们已多年没见了。

They have developed a new product .他们研制成功了一种新产品。

2）表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作

Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚饭了吗?

She has been to the United States. 她已去美国了。

You have grown much taller.你长高了许多。

3）表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，并可能还要延续

It has been five years since he joined the army .他参军五年了。

They have learned English for eight years .他们已学了八年的英语了。

So far we've only discussed the first five chapters.至今我们还只讨论了前五章。

几点注意

1)一个句子应该用什么时态只能取决于它需要表达的意思，以及它所处的语言环境。例如：

He speaks English .(一般现在时，说明动作发生的经常性。)

He spoke English when he was in New Zealand .(一般过去时，说明动作发生的时间。)

He is speaking English.(现在进行时，说明动作正在进行。)

He has spoken English for three years since he came to the USA.(现在完成时，这里说明动作的总和。)

He has been speaking English since he came to the USA. (现在完成进行时，强调动作的连续性。)

2)在含有时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主从复合句中，如果主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般现在时来表示将来时;如果主句的谓语动词是过去将来时，那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。

例如：I will not play tennis if it rains tomorrow.

I would not play tennis if it rained the next day.

3) 有些动词表示无法持续的动作，它们一般不宜用于进行时态中。这类动词常见的有：be , believe , consist , find , forget , hate , have , hope , hear , know , like , love , notice , prefer , remember , see , seem , smell , suggest , taste , understand , want , wish , sit down , stand up 等等。

Be动词若是用于进行时态，可表示暂时、短暂的情况或表现。例如：

Tom is being a good boy today .汤姆今天很乖。

He is being childish .他这样做是耍孩子气。

You are not being modest .你这样说不太谦虚。

4)关于现在完成时的时间状语问题

A. 凡是"完成时态"都表示，不知道也不管动作发生的具体时间, 所以在使用现在完成时的句子里，不可以带有表示具体过去时间的状语，如：yesterday , last week ( month , year , etc. ) , two weeks ago , in 1999等;但常和有些副词连用，如： just , before , already , often , never , ever , not…yet , always等等。

B. 在以when提问的特殊疑问中不能用现在完成时。另外，ago不能用于现在完成时的句子里，因为它表示从现在算起的以前某个时间，属于表示具体过去时间的状语。但是可以用before 来表示"以前"的意义，因为它只表示"以前"，而不知什么时候的以前。

C. 如果是不表示连续性的动词用于现在完成时的句子，不可以和以for表示的"一段时间"的状语连用。在这种情况下，应该用"It has been … ;since…"的句式来表达。如：

He has joined the army for five years. (错误)

It has been five years since he joined the army.(正确)
一、单项选择

1、Both his parents look sad .Maybe they _________what's happened to him .
　　Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know

2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?
　　Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still

3、Have you met Mr Li ______？
　　Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago

4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year
　　Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
5、-Our country ______ a lot so far .
　-Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .
　　Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good
　　Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better

6、 Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study
　　Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying

7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew
8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
　　Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see

9、-These farmers have been to the United States .
-Really ? When _____ there ?
　　Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they go
　　Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone

10、-______ you ___ your homework yet ?
-Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
　　Ａ. Did ; do ; finished Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished
　　Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished Ｄ. will ; do ; finish

11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
　　Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in

12、-Do you know him well ?
- Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
　　Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made

13、-How long have you ____ here ?
-About two months .
　　Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived

14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .

　　Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun Ｃ. has been onＤ. began

15、 It _____ ten years since he left the army .
　　Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was

16、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .
　　Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been

17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
　　Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to
　　Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ. have been

18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ?
　A. so they B. don't they C. have they D. haven't they

19、has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China?
　　A. How soon, comes B. How often, got
　　C. How long, came D. How far, arrived

20、 His uncle for more than 9 years.
　　A. has come here B. has started to work
　　C. has lived there D. has left the university

　二、句型转换

　　3、The old man _________ last year.
He for a year. (die) （动词填空）

　　4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)

　　 This factory ________ for twenty years.

　　5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)

　　Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.

　　6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）

　　Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .

　　7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)

　　 _______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France.

　　8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子)

　　 ___________________________________________

　　三、汉译英

　　4、 她还没有看过那部新电影。

　　5、 她去过上海。

　　6、 他这些天上哪儿去了？
引导条件状语从句的连接词主要有：if(如果)、unless(除非)或 as long as(只要)等。unless在意思上等于if...not。

　　一、条件状语从句用法

　　1、引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是if,由if引导的条件状语从句表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。如:

　　If you ask him, he will help you.如果你请他帮忙,他会帮你的。

　　If you fail in the exam, you will let him down.如果你考试不及格,你会让他失望的。

　　另外,if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件,也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设,从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时。如: 　　If I were you, I would invite him to the party.如果我是你,我会邀请他参加聚会。

　　2、unless = if...not.　 除非,若不,除非在……的时候

　　例如：Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.

　　=If you are not too tired, let's go out for a walk.

　　Unless it rains, the game will be played.除非下雨,比赛将照常进行。

　　3、so/as long as只要

　　例句;You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean. 　
只要你保持书的清 洁，你就可以把我的书借去。

　　So long as you’re happy, it