2017届高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧.ppt

阅阅读读理理解解武胜中学 叶小庆 主旨大意Step 1:Lead-in A mother mouse was out for a walk with her babies when she found a cat behind a bush.She watched the cat,and the cat watched the mice.Mother mouse barked fiercely,”Woof,woof,woof!”the cat was so frightered that it ran for its life.Mother mouse turned to her babies and said,”Now,do you understand the value of a second language?”What is the story mainly about?It is important to learn a foreign language.主旨主旨大意大意 考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在程度及在速读速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。力。Step2:Questionformsaboutthemainidea1)主题型主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式主旨大意题的题干表现形式ThemainideaofthepassageisThepassageismainlyaboutWhatisthepassagemainlyabout?Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?2)目的类目的类主旨大意题主旨大意题ThepassageismeanttoThepurposeofthisarticleistoTheauthorintendsto.3)标题类标题类主旨大意题主旨大意题ThebesttitleforthepassagemightbeStep 3:How to get the main idea 1)主旨大意题属于归纳概括题。如有主旨大意题属于归纳概括题。如有标题标题，标题中蕴含的标题中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。信息往往是关键信息。2)找准文章的主题句是关键找准文章的主题句是关键。“主题句定位法主题句定位法”是一种行之是一种行之有效的方法。在答题时，我们可以：有效的方法。在答题时，我们可以：读首句读首句抓大意抓大意读尾句读尾句抓大意抓大意在中间在中间抓大意抓大意读首尾段读首尾段抓大意抓大意 3.)主题句主题句隐含隐含在全文中在全文中无无主题句主题句隐含隐含在全文中在全文中明显主题句时明显主题句时高频信息词高频信息词任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的反复出现的中心词，即高中心词，即高频词频词，也叫做主题词也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。心。Sample 1People have different tastes in food.Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat.Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal.Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti,eggplant,and fresh fruit.Others could live on what were called fast-foods:a hamburger or hot dog,French fries and a soft drink.（1）主题句在）主题句在段首段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头开头，其后的句子，其后的句子则是则是论证性细节论证性细节。在。在说明文说明文，科技文献科技文献和和新闻报新闻报道道中多采用这种格式。中多采用这种格式。Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.（2）主题句也会出现在）主题句也会出现在段尾段尾。作者先摆出事实依据作者先摆出事实依据，层层推理层层推理论证论证，最后自最后自然得出然得出结论结论，即段落的主题。本段的中心思即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在想在结尾句结尾句得到体现得到体现，它是此段内容的结论。它是此段内容的结论。Sample3Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.（3 3）在短文）在短文中间中间 当主题句被安排在段中间时当主题句被安排在段中间时,通常前面只提出通常前面只提出问问题题，文中的文中的主题主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的而后又作进一步的解释解释,支撑或发展支撑或发展.1)关注一些表征强转折关系的连词关注一些表征强转折关系的连词“but,yet,however,infact,indeed,”等，等，这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题句。句。2)关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词：关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词：“inbrief/short,above/in/after/allinall,inconclusion,inaword”等，这些词后面等，这些词后面连接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。连接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。3)如果主题句含有如果主题句含有show,indicate和和suggest等词，重点看其后的宾语从句。等词，重点看其后的宾语从句。主题句主题句在短文在短文中间中间Sample4ShuPulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenbysnakes,“Itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakesbitesthatledmetothecareer.”Shusaid.“ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes.”Shusaid.（4 4）首尾呼应首尾呼应为突出主题为突出主题,作者先提出主题作者先提出主题,结尾时再次点出主结尾时再次点出主题题,这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见.通常通常,前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面的表后面的表述往往有述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味进一步的引申或发展的意味.(5)从段落中从段落中寻找高频率词寻找高频率词任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即现的中心词，即高频词高频词，也叫也叫做主题词做主题词Sample5 The passage is mainly about _.A.the construction of a road B.the design of a road C.the construction of two railways D.the design of two tunnels 文中重复出现文中重复出现的词为关键词，的词为关键词，一般与主旨相一般与主旨相关关 Sample5A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system As part of the project,two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city,The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide,providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction.In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel.The lighting is at the top of the tunnel,The wall is made up of four main elements,which include a waterproofing covering and,on the inside of the tunnel,a concrete lining.Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat.along the length of the tunnel.The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface.Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones.(5)从段落中从段落中寻找高频率词寻找高频率词任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即现的中心词，即高频词高频词，也叫也叫做主题词做主题词Sample5 The passage is mainly about _.A.the construction of a road B.the design of a road C.the construction of two railways D.the design of two tunnels 文中重复出现文中重复出现的词为关键词，的词为关键词，一般与主旨相一般与主旨相关关Practicemakesperfect1.Lung canceristheworstcancerkillerinAmerica.About160,440Americansdieeachyearfromit.Morethan87percentoflungcancersaresmokingrelated,accordingtotheLung Cancer Organization.A.LungcanceristheNo.1cancerkillerB.SmokingisabadhabitC.LCOadvisespeopletostopsmokingD.WhydidpeopledieofLungcancer?Themainideaofthepassageis_.ShowTime2.Manypeoplewritetonewspapersandmagazinestoexpresstheiropinions.Nameornoname?Theanswerisverypersonalandliesinhowmuchwewantto.Weallhaveaname.Itisamatterofresponsibilitytouseitwhenwemakeastatement,aclaimoranaccusation.Weallwanttohonorourownname,anditisonlybystampingourexpressionofanopinionwithournamethatwehonorwhatwesay.The passage is mainly about_.A.honor and writers B.identity and signatureC.signature(签名)and responsibility D.anonymity and signature3.Forget Twitter and Facebook,Google and the Kindle.Television is still the most influential medium around.Indeed,for many of the poorest regions(地区)of the world,it remains the next big thingfinally becomes globally available.And that is a good thing,because the TV revolution is changing lives for the better Too much TV has been associated with violence,overweight and loneliness.However,TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwideTheauthorintendsto.A.stresstheadvantagesofTVtopeopleslivesB.persuadewomentobecomemoreindependentC.encouragepeopletoimprovetheirreadingskillsD.introducethereaderssomewebsitessuchasGoogle非文章事实的主观非文章事实的主观臆断臆断4 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer.Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness),cancer,cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems.For example,it can give one a“smokers cough”.Finally,studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds.Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer,cancer,smoking is harmful.Is it worth it?What is the main idea?A.Smoking can cause cancer.B.Smoking is a terrible killer C.Smoking is harmful to our health.D.An experiment on smoking.某个具体事实或细节某个具体事实或细节片面推出的错误结论片面推出的错误结论某个具体事实或细节某个具体事实或细节5.Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent.On the other hand,nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal.And the man who knows“everything”may really only be trying to hide his own weakness.So,it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.What is the main idea of the passage?A.A professional criminal looks more innocent than others.B.Dont judge others by appearance.C.So,it is foolish to judge a person only by his appearance D.Try to judge a person only by his appearance6.即主题句隐含在全文中,没有明确的主题句.必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and,later,Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background.He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami,Florida.Q:What is the main idea of the passage?A.How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.B.Bingham is a diligent student.C.Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.D.A good lawyer needs good education.How to Deal with the Problems on Reading Comprehension一、主旨大意题一、主旨大意题 （做题要领）1.干扰项干扰项 可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。2.干扰项干扰项 可能属从文中某些可能属从文中某些(不完全的不完全的)事事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。实或细节片面推出的错误结论。3.干扰项干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。(正确答案正确答案)是根据文章意思全面是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。言过其实或以偏概全。There is no difficulty in the world if you put your heart into itHomework Please finish the paper which you will receive after classThank You