高考英语专题语法训练——主谓一致和特殊句式.doc

专题4　主谓一致和特殊句式

考向1　主谓一致
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.Fast food is(be) full of fat and salt；by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.(2017·全国Ⅰ)
解析　根据行文的时态可知，此处用一般现在时；句子的主语fast food(快餐)是不可数名词短语，故填be的第三人称单数形式is。
2.Leaving the less important things until tomorrow is(be) often acceptable.(2016·全国Ⅱ)
解析　本句的主语为动名词短语leaving the less...，动名词短语作主语谓语要用第三人称单数形式，且这里说的是一个客观事实，故要用is。
Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)
1.He would ask who we and pretend not to know us.(2016·浙江)
解析　who引导的宾语从句中主语是we，谓语应用复数。
2.Hard work made him very ill.(2013·辽宁)
解析　work为不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。
3.Finally，there a sudden pull at the pole and a fish was caught.(2013·陕西)
解析　There be句型中be动词应该与其后主语a sudden pull在数上保持一致。
考向2　特殊句式
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.It could be anything—gardening，cooking，music，sports—but whatever it is，make(make) sure it’s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.(2016·全国Ⅱ)
解析　第二个破折号之后为but连接的并列句，whatever it is是让步状语从句，主句为祈使句，所缺词是主句的谓语动词，应使用动词原形。
2.It was when we were returning home that I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.(2015·湖南)
解析　分析句子结构可知此句为强调句，并且强调的是时间状语，故用that。
Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)
1.I couldn’t believe my luck—not only did I my photo taken with him，but he signed his name on my shirt！(2011·陕西)
解析　考查倒装句的谓语结构，“did＋主语＋动词原形”，故had应改为have。
2.After we left，I said，“That was very nice of you，Mother.But I didn’t think she looked like Grandma.”“Neither did ，” said Mother cheerfully.(2010·浙江)
解析　“neither＋助动词＋主语”结构中，主语应该用主格形式，故me应改为I。

◆主谓一致的核心考点
1.就近一致原则
(1)由or，not only...but also...，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...，not...but...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。
Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.
(2)here/there引导一个句子而主语又不止一个时，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。
Here is a ruler，a few pencils and two copybooks.
2.意义一致原则
(1)谓语动词必须用单数的情况
①表示学科的名词以及works(工厂)，news(消息)等作主语时，虽然本身为复数形式，但表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数。
Politics is his favorite subject.
②表示某些组织机构的名词、书/报名、国名、地名等作主语时，虽然形式上是复数，但所表示的意义是单数，所以谓语动词用单数。
Do you know when the United Nations was set up?
(2)谓语动词必须用复数的情况
表示总称意义的名词，如people，police，public，cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
The police are searching for the murderer.
(3)谓语动词的形式依据主语表示的意义而定
①集体名词，如family，class，group，team，club，company，government，population等作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据其在语境中表示的意义而定。当其表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当其表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。
As far as I know，his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers.
②“the＋形容词/分词”表示“一类人”时，谓语动词用复数。
The poor were looked down upon in the old days.
3.语法一致原则
(1)由and连接的两个名词作主语
①“a/the＋名词单数＋and＋名词单数”表示一个人(双重身份)，谓语动词用单数。
The teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city.
②“a/the＋名词单数＋and＋a/the＋名词单数”表示两个人，谓语动词用复数。
The teacher and the poet have just arrived.
③“every＋名词单数＋and＋every＋名词单数”表示每一个人，谓语动词用单数。
Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in our country.
④通常由两个部件组成的物品如：a knife and fork (一副刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Bread and butter is not to his taste.
(2)表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。
Is fifty pounds enough?
(3)“分数/百分数＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据of后的名词的形式来定，如果名词是可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式；如果名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。
Two­thirds of the books are about science.
Only 30% of the work was done yesterday.
(4)主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with，together with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。
Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.
◆倒装句的核心考点
1.全部倒装
(1)在There be/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。
Look，there’s that bookshop I was telling you about.
(2)表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词，如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首，主语是名词而不是代词时，用完全倒装。此时，句子多用一般现在时或一般过去时。
There goes the phone.I’ll answer it.
(3)such作表语置于句首时。
Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man but the 20th century’s greatest scientist.
(4)直接引语的全部或部分位于句首时。
“If you die，who will get your money？” asked Holmes.
(5)表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。
In the center of the square stands a monument.
(6)为平衡句子结构，或使上下文衔接紧密，而将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，引起倒装。
Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.
2.部分倒装
在下列几种情况下，只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前，构成部分倒装。
(1)little，never，not，seldom，neither，nor，hardly，rarely，nowhere，by no means，at no time，under no circumstances，in no case，on no condition等表示否定意义的单词或短语位于句首时。
Little does he care about what others think.
(2)在not...until...，no sooner...than...，scarcely/hardly...when...，not only...but also...，neither...nor...等句式中。
Neither does he drink nor smoke.
(3)当only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时。
Only then did I find I had made a mistake.
(4)在so/such...that...从句中，当“so＋形容词/副词”或“such＋名词”位于句首时。
So exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest.
(5)当表示前面所说的肯定情况也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“so/as＋be动词/助动词/情态动词＋主语”，表示“……也是……”。
Times have changed and so have I.
(6)当表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“neither/nor＋be动词/助动词/情态动词＋主语”，表示“……也不……”。
They couldn’t understand it at that time，and nor could we.
(7)省略if的虚拟条件句，把were，had，should提到主语前面。
Had it not been for your help，we shouldn’t have achieved so much.
(8)as和though引导的让步状语从句。
Try as she might，Sue couldn’t get the door open.
(9)“may＋动词原形”表示祝愿，通常把may置于句首，构成倒装语序。
May you succeed!
◆强调句的核心考点
1.使用助动词do，does和did对谓语动词进行强调。
First impressions really do count.
2.运用强调句型来强调除谓语动词以外的其他句子成分。
强调句型的基本句型结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分。可用来强调句子的主语、宾语、状语、表语、同位语等成分。在复习强调句型时，要注意以下几个方面：
(1)强调句型中的主谓一致
在强调句型中，当对陈述句中的主语进行强调时，无论被强调的主语是单数还是复数，主句中的谓语动词都要用单数形式is/was，同时，that从句中的谓语动词要与被强调的主语在人称和数方面保持一致。
It is my parents that/who often help me get out of trouble.
(2)当对地点状语、时间状语或其他状语从句进行强调时，只能用连接词that，而不能用where，when，why或how等。
It was on August 8,2008 that the 29th Summer Olympic Games were opened in Beijing.
(3)强调句型的疑问句
强调句型的一般疑问句是“Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that＋其他成分？”；强调句型的特殊疑问句是“特殊疑问词＋is/was it that＋其他成分？”。
Was it her failing her exam that made her parents unhappy?
When was it that she changed her mind?
(4)在对not...until...结构中的until时间状语或时间状语从句进行强调时，要将句中的not移至until之前，构成：It is/was not until...that...。注意that从句中的谓语动词要变成肯定形式，而且不再采用倒装语序。
I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.
→It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
注意事项：
1.如果由特殊疑问词引导的强调结构在句中作宾语从句时，从句必须使用陈述语序，不可用疑问语序。
He asked me who it was that took his umbrella by mistake.
2.强调句型结构中的反意疑问句式。
在强调句型结构中，其反意疑问句的主语及助动词必须与主句It is/was...保持一致。
It is Mary not you who wants to ask me about that matter，isn’t it?
3.强调句型结构与定语从句的混合使用。
在高考试题中，为了增加试题的难度，命题人常将强调句型与定语从句混合起来，使句子结构更加复杂。我们要注意从语法角度来分析句子，理清结构。
It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her.
4.强调句型与时间状语从句的辨析。
当用强调句型强调时间状语时，去掉“it is/was”和连词“that”，原句仍然完整；而在时间状语从句中，若去掉“it is/was”和连词“when/before”，原句不完整。
It was at 14：28 that the terrible earthquake broke out.(强调句型)
It was 14：28 when the terrible earthquake broke out.(时间状语从句)
◆省略句的核心考点
1.状语从句中的省略
由when，while，if，as if，although/though，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等引导的状语从句中，如果其谓语动词为be，而从句的主语与主句的主语相同或从句的主语为it时，则从句的主语或it和be可省略。
When (I am) in trouble，I always turn to my classmates for help.
If (it is) possible，this machine can be fixed at once.
2.不定式的省略
单独使用不定式符号to代替不定式后被省略的动词，常用在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，try，want，wish等词后；或放在表情绪的词后，代替被省略的动词，常见词有：glad，happy，pleased等；但是，如果不定式中含有be，have，have been时，则要保留be，have，have been。
—Will you please look after my house when I’m away?
—I’m glad to.
—Are you a sailor?
—No.But I used to be.
Your work hasn’t been handed in，but it ought to have been.
3.常考的几个省略形式
if ever，if any，if so，if necessary，if not better/worse/taller...than等。
Please correct my mistakes if any.
4.并列句中的省略
并列句中的两个对等句里的动词相同时，后者的动词可以省略。
He is going to Hong Kong，but his brother (is going) to America.
My room is on the third floor and his，on the fifth.
◆其他句式的核心考点
1.感叹句
感叹句常用来表示惊叹、赞美、喜悦等语气。 常见句型：
(1)What＋a/an＋形容词＋单数名词＋主语＋谓语！ ＝How＋形容词＋a/an＋单数名词＋主语＋谓语！
(2)What＋(形容词)＋不可数名词/复数名词＋主语＋谓语！
(3)How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！
(4)How＋主语＋谓语！
What a strange plant(＝How strange a plant)! I’ve never seen it before.
这种植物真奇怪！ 我以前从未见过。
The shocking news made me realize what terrible problems we would face.
这个惊人的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么严重的问题。
2.祈使句
祈使句常用来表达命令、请求、禁止、建议、警告、劝告等。 祈使句的主语一般是第二人称you，但往往省略。 祈使句的否定形式一般在动词原形前加don’t，也可用副词never构成。 祈使句的强调形式可以在句首加do。 祈使句的常见句型：
(1)祈使句＋and＋陈述句 “如果……就……”
(2)祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句 “……否则……”
(3)名词词组(多含有more，another)＋and＋陈述句 “如果再……就……”
One more day，and I’ll get everything ready.
再多给我一天， 我就会把一切准备好。

题组一　主谓一致集训
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.Either you or the headmaster is(be) to hand out the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting.
2.The teacher，with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class，was visiting(visit) a museum when the earthquake struck.
3.Two fifths of the land in that district is(be) covered with trees and grass.
4.With more forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth are being washed(wash) away each year.
5.He is the only one of the students who has been(be) a winner of scholarship for three years.
Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)
1.The singer and dancer are to attend our evening party.或The singer and dancer to attend our evening party.
2.They each an apple.
3.He joins the football team who all famous footballers.
4.Dr.Smith，together with his wife and daughters， going to visit Beijing this summer.
5.As a result of the serious flood，two­thirds of the buildings in the area repairing.
6.Those who to sing can join us.
题组二　倒装句集训
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.No sooner had Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.
2.Only with the greatest of luck did she manage to escape from the rising flood water last year.
3.Present at the party last night were(be) Mr Green and many other guests.
4.The moment the bell rang，out rushed(rush) the children.
5.Had he caught the morning train，he would not have been late for the meeting.
6.Not until I caught sight of my teacher in the crowd did I calm down.
Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)
1.When we heard the exciting news，there was silence all over the hall at first.Then voices of shouting.
2.So loudly he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.
3.If you don’t go there tomorrow，neither Tom.
4.Hard he tried，he was unable to make much progress.
5.I can’t swim and can Kate.
6.Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky sense.
题组三　强调句集训
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.It was the culture，rather than the language，that made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.
2.Was it because Jack came late for school that Mr Smith got angry?
3.To tell you the truth，Tom did take my pen by mistake yesterday，but he has said sorry to me.
4.It was not until I went there that I began to know something about the matter.
5.—Why was it that you were so angry?
—Because we failed to take part in the basketball match.
Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)
1.It is only when you reread the poem you can really appreciate it.
2.I received his mother’s telephone call at eleven.It was then I knew that he was badly hurt in a traffic accident yesterday.
3.It was until near the end of the letter that she mentioned her own plan.
4.After hard efforts were made，the family did或 to send him to a technical school.
5.When was it he made up his mind to take this course?
题组四　省略句集训
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.One day，he came up with an idea that he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.He did so the next day.
2.Film has a much shorter history，especially when compared(compare) to such art forms as music and painting.
3.Her parents wouldn’t allow her to go to the party，but she still hopes to.
4.Make(make) good use of learning resources such as the website and library，and you will make great progress.
5.You can’t imagine what difficulty we had walking home in the snowstorm.
Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)
1.Such knowledge is still useful when to similar situations in other countries.
2. criticizing your children like this，or they will refuse to tell you their true feelings.
3.Though I’m not a volunteer any more，I used to and I’ve done some voluntary work with my friends.
4. different life today is from what it was 20 years ago!
5.I won’t go to the party even if being invited.
Ⅲ.语法填空(特殊句式专练)
Dealing with homeless families 1.is(be) one part of my job.It was from a single mother 2.that the very first call I had was.She was weeping.Not until I promised to help her 3.did she stop weeping.After being told that she had got into a terrible car accident，I learned that accident made her lose her job.Because of this，she fell behind with her rent 4.and she was being forced to leave her apartment.She had to pay for the rent.5.If not，nowhere could she and her two children go.
Having explained the situation，she stopped，saying，“I’m so sorry！Thank you for letting me tell my story.I’ve tried every shelter and church organization in the area but no one 6.does listen or care.”
7.What an unfortunate thing！At that time there being no openings for family housing，I took her number down and told her I’d call her right back.Later，hardly 8.had I found an opening for a family in a shelter in her area when I called her back.She was shocked when 9.answering(answer) my call.She said，“Never 10.did I really expect you to call me back.” I gave her the good news and she started weeping again.But this time they were tears of happiness and hope.

在书面表达中适当引入特殊句式，可提高表达的层次，增强交际效果。但是学生在实际运用中主要存在以下问题：
1.主谓不一致

2.缺乏运用意识
语言输出时，多用正常语序的简单句、并列句等，而缺乏运用特殊句式的意识。

3.运用中出现语法错误

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
(一)
1.Tibet is such a place as all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting.
2.To our astonishment，we saw a light and some people in a cabin.Jim was too frightened to go on but I felt curious，wondering what was happening.
3.Though it has been one year since he came to the city，he knows every street here like the back of his hand.
4.The poor dog lay at the end of the driveway and hardly moved.I was very sad，but dared not say anything to my mother.
5.If you happen to get lost in the wild，you’d better stay where you are and wait for help.
6.It is since she left China that Jane has been living in London.
7.Many young people，most of whom were well­educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
8.Finally，keep in mind that there are many things that can’t be learnt immediately，and never be frustrated when you fail in one or two exams.
9.In a talk at Tsinghua University in Beijing，Zuckerberg spoke Chinese for about 30 minutes.Though/Although/While his Chinese was far from perfect，the students cheered his effort.
10.At the top of the hill lies(lie) an old cottage which has a wonderful view of the whole city.
11.So touching did the song sound that I couldn’t hold my tears back when I heard it for the first time.
12.The books on the desk，whose covers are shiny，are prizes for us.
13.Success partially depends on whether you have the patience to do simple things perfectly.
14.No one in the department but Tom and I knows(know) that the director is going to resign.
15.Every day read(read) a proverb aloud several times until you have it memorized.
(二)
16.I will never f