高考英语语法专题——专题12冠词.doc

1.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ，65)As ________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
答案：a　as a result是固定搭配，意为“结果”，强调某种原因产生的结果。
2.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ，64)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over ________ top.
答案：the　此处特指“顶部”，故用定冠词the。
3.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ，62)Instead, she is earning ￡6,500 a day as ________ model in New York.
答案：a　句意：相反，她在纽约做模特每天收入6,500英镑。model是可数名词，在此表示泛指，且读音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。
4.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ，48)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for ________ while,exercising, or doing something you enjoy.
答案：a　for a while “一会儿”，固定搭配。
5.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ，短文改错)In that case, we will learn little about ________ world.
答案：the　句意：那样的话，我们将会对这个世界了解甚少。world属于表示世上独一无二的事物的名词，其前应用定冠词。
6.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ，阅读A)In 1931, Addams became ________ first American woman to win theNobel Peace Prize.
答案：the　序数词前面加定冠词the。
7.(2016·浙江高考，2)________ prize for the winner of the competition is ________ two­week holiday in Paris.
答案：The; a　句意：这次比赛的获胜者奖是去巴黎为期两周的休假。第一空，“比赛的获胜者奖”为特指，故应用定冠词the；第二空，泛指“一次两周的休假”，故应用定冠词a。
8.(2016·北京高考，完形)It was ________ cold January in 1925 in North Alaska. The town was cut off from the rest of the world due to heavy snow.
答案：a　句意：这是阿拉斯加北部1925年一个十分寒冷的一月份。这个小镇因一场大雪而与外界隔绝。表示星期、月份的名词前一般不用冠词，但如果其前面有形容词修饰时则需用不定冠词，泛指某个星期几或某月份。
9.(2015·重庆高考，3)I just heard ________ bank where Dora works was robbed by ________ gunman wearing a mask.
答案：the; a　句意：我刚刚听说Dora工作的银行被一个持枪蒙面歹徒抢劫了。第一空为特指，表示“Dora 工作的那家银行”；第二空为泛指，表示“一个持枪蒙面歹徒”。
10.(2015·江苏高考，33)—Why didn't you invite John to your birthday party？
—Well, you know he's ________ wet blanket.
答案：a　句意：——你为什么不邀请约翰参加你的生日聚会？——唉，你知道他是一个令人扫兴的人。固定搭配a wet blanket 意为“令人扫兴的人或物，煞风景者”，不定冠词表示泛指。

一、不定冠词的用法
1.泛指同类人或物中的任何一个，相当于any。
A horse has four legs.
2.泛指同类中的某一个人或某物。
Her father is an English teacher.
I need an iPhone.
3.泛指不确定的某一个，相当于a certain。
A Mr Lee is waiting for you at the school gate.
4.表示“一”或“每一”，相当于one或者every。
I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.
They have 13 classes a week.
5.用在意义具体化的抽象名词和物质名词之前。
What you do with it will make you a success or failure.
If you can give her a surprise every time you meet her, it will be a plus for you.
6.表示独一无二的名词前有形容词修饰时，其前需用不定冠词。
a rising sun 一轮冉冉升起的太阳
a full moon 一轮满月
a peaceful world 一个和平的世界
7.表示季节、星期、三餐名称的名词前有形容词修饰时，其前需用不定冠词。
a cold winter 一个寒冷的冬季
a rainy Monday 一个阴雨绵绵的星期一
a delicious supper 一顿美味晚餐
8.用在序数词前表示“再一”，“又一”。
She thanked him a second time.
注意：下句中“a first”表示“第一名、冠军”。
He is a top student in our class, and he often gets a first in maths.
9.用于某些固定词组中

二、定冠词的用法
1．表示类别
(1)用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物。
The horse is a useful animal.
(2)用在一些形容词前表示一类人或事物。
the poor 穷人， the rich 富人， the old 老年人， the young 年轻人， the new 新手， the sick 病人， the dead 死人， the deaf 聋子， the blind 盲人， the wound 伤者， the weak 弱者， the strong 强者， the good 好人；善良， the true 真理， the right 正义
(3)用在有些关于国家和民族的形容词前，泛指这个国家和民族的全体人员。(这些形容词是以­sh, ­ch, ­ese结尾的)。
the Irish 爱尔兰人， the Welsh 威尔士人， the English 英格兰人， the French 法国人， the Chinese 中国人， the Japanese 日本人
2．表示特指
(1)特指上文已提到过的人或物。
The teacher told us a story. The story is very interesting.
(2)特指说话双方都知道或能意会到的人或物。
Please send the papers to the teacher.
Open the window, please.
(3)用在带有后置定语的名词前，表示特定的人或物。
The man who wrote the novel is a famous writer.
Pass me the dictionary on the desk.
Who is the girl you just said hello to?
(4)用在比较级前，特指两个被比较的人或物中的一个。
He is the taller of the two children in his family.
3．其他用法
(1)表示世界上独一无二的事物。
Which is the biggest, the sun, the earth, or the moon?
(2)用在序数词、形容词最高级前。
September is the ninth month of the year.
Spring is the best season of the year here.
注意：副词最高级前可以用定冠词，也可以不用。
(3)用在表示方向或方位的名词前。
Go straight, and turn to the left at the second crossing.
The sky is turning bright in the east.
(4)用在演奏的西洋乐器名称前。
Would you like to play the piano or the violin?
(5)用在姓氏复数前，表示全家人，或夫妇俩。
The Turners are sitting at the breakfast table.
(6)用于固定结构“动词＋sb. ＋介词＋the＋身体部位名称”中。
She hit him in the face then ran away.
The stone hit him right on the nose.
She patted the dog on the head.
(7)用在由普通名词构成的国家、党派等专有名词前以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前。
the United States 美国
the Communist Party of China 中国共产党
the Changjiang River 长江
the Rocky Mountains 落基山脉
(8)用于一些固定搭配中。
at the age of 在……岁时
at the beginning of 在……的开始
at the foot of 在……的脚下
at the mercy of 任凭……的摆布(而无力保护自己)
in the distance 在远处
in the distant future 在遥远的将来
in the end 最后；终于
on the one hand ..., on the other hand ... 一方面……另一方面……
on (the) top of 在……顶上
on the phone 在电话里
on (the) air 正在广播/播放
on the contrary 正相反
break the law 违法
form the habit of 养成……的习惯
in the habit of 有……的习惯
三、不用冠词的情况
1．专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。
Air, water and light are all matter.
2．可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，不加冠词。
This dictionary is mine.
3．季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。
Have you had breakfast?
Spring is the best season of the year.
4．称呼语或指家庭雇用的nurse, cook等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时，一般不加冠词。
What's this, Father?
We made him our chairman.
Ask nurse to put the child to bed.
Professor Li.
5．用在学科名称、比赛的球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。
Do you study physics?
He likes playing football/chess.
6．复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时前不用冠词。
They are peasants/workers.
7．与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。
by car, by bus，by bike, by train, by air/water/land
但需注意：take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/bus
8．某些固定词组中不用冠词。
(1)名词词组中：
husband and wife 丈夫和妻子
brother and sister 兄弟和姐妹
body and soul 身体和灵魂
day and night 白天和黑夜
knife and fork 刀和叉
(2)介词词组中：
on board 在船上；在飞机上；在火车上
on business 为公事；出公差
on condition that 条件是……；只要
on doing sth. 一……就……
on duty 值班；值日
on earth 在世界上；到底；究竟
on fire 着火
on foot 步行；走路
on hold 等着通电话；搁置；推迟
on holiday 休假；度假
on show 显示；展示
注意：在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。

9．as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词不带冠词。
Child as she is, she knows a lot of French.
10．系动词turn(作“变成；成为”解)后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。
The young girl has turned writer.
＝The young girl has become a writer.
11．在“单数名词＋after＋单数名词”(“一个接一个”)的结构中，单数可数名词前不加冠词。
She did experiment after experiment.
类似的还有：shop after shop, mistake after mistake
12．形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。
(1)当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时，第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。
She is the tallest and fattest girl in our school.
(2)形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时，不能用定冠词。
A wolf in a sheep's skin is our most dangerous enemy.

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．For Pahlsson, its return was ________ wonder.
答案：a　由上下文语境可知，对于Pahlsson来说，戒指的归来是个奇迹。抽象名词表示具体意义需用不定冠词。
2．Copenhagen became ________ capital of Denmark in 1445.
答案：the　名词后面有后置定语of Denmark，可知需用定冠词表示特指。
3．Although they may not find a new best friend, they will learn how to interact and work as ________ team, something that they'll find useful later in life.
答案：a　由句意可知她们要学会作为一个团队相互影响和作用，以发现在未来人生中有用的东西。不定冠词表泛指。
4．Our local Community Youth Club is very popular with young people in my town. I have been ________ member for four years now.
答案：a　不定冠词a表示“一”的意思，相当于one。
5．Now years later, this river is one of ________ most outstanding examples of environmental clean­up.
答案：the　“one of＋the＋可数名词的复数形式”结构，表示“……之一”。
6．Instead of winning the gold medal as had been expected, this world record holder only came ________ fifth in the game.
答案：/　句意：没有像人们预料的那样赢得金牌，这个世界纪录保持者仅在比赛中屈居第五。come fifth意为“位列第五”，序数词作状语时，其前不用冠词。
7．Guinness World Records editor Graig Glenday says, “This is ________ extraordinary world­record attempt that shows both spiritual dedication and true passion.”
答案：an　此处表示泛指，且extraordinary的读音是以元音音素开头的名词，故填an。
8．Researchers have not found ________ cure, but they are developing a better understanding of the disease.
答案：a　句意：研究人员们还没有找到治疗方法，但他们对那种疾病有了更好的了解。cure意为“治疗方法”时是可数名词。
9．How beautifully she sings! I've never heard ________ better voice.
答案：a　句意：她唱得多么动听啊！我从来没听过比这更动听的声音。“否定词＋不定冠词＋比较级＋名词”，表示最高级意义。
10．Sam has been appointed ________ manager of the engineering department to take ________ place of George.
答案：/; the　句意：萨姆接替乔治被任命为工程部经理。表示职位、头衔的名词作表语、主语补足语、宾语补足语或同位语时，前面不用冠词；take the place of意为“代替……，取代……，接替……的位置”，固定短语。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．She's got a honest face, but in fact she is not the right person to get on with.
______________________________________________________
答案：a→an　honest的读音是以元音音素开头的，此处表示“一张诚实的面孔”，应用an honest face。
2．They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make the difference in the lives of others.
_____________________________________________________
答案：第二个the→a　考查冠词。make a difference意为“对……有影响”，固定搭配。
3．I can't tell you the way to the Wilson's because we don't have Wilson here in the village.
_____________________________________________________
答案：第二个Wilson前加a　考查冠词。人名前用不定冠词表示“某一”。句意：我无法告诉你去威尔逊家的路，因为我们这个村没有叫威尔逊的人。
4．I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen.
_________________________________________________
答案：kitchen前加the　这个句子变为直接引语为“Mom, you stay in the sitting room, and I cook in the kitchen.”此处表示谈话双方都知道的事物，故用定冠词the。
5．It was a sunny day in the spring. The sun shone brightly.
_________________________________________________
答案：去掉spring前的the　考查冠词。表示季节的名词spring, summer, autumn, winter前没有形容词修饰时，一般不用冠词。
Ⅲ.语法填空
Mistakes can be extremely __1__ (value), but when you try to get others to pay for your mistakes, then you lose the opportunity to learn from them. When something goes wrong, __2__ is usually very easy to find someone else to blame, but what does that really accomplish?
Much of the value of mistakes comes from the fact __3__ they demand a cost that must be paid. The person who learns the most from a mistake is the person who pays the price for that mistake.
When you make a mistake, the last thing you want to do is run away __4__ it. You need to accept it because you can learn a lot from it. The mistake __5__ (make) already, so make the most of it. __6__ (pay) the price, learn the lesson, and grow that much stronger.
When you make a mistake, don't look __7__ at it long. Remember the reason for it, and then look forward. Mistakes are lessons of __8__ (wise). The past cannot be changed. __9__ present is still in your power. Take full advantage of your mistakes __10__ (achieve) your goals and aspirations.
1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________
5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________
9．________　10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了人们对待错误的正确态度和做法：犯了错误不要逃避，要从错误中学习，吸取经验教训，利用错误来实现自己的目标和愿望。
1．valuable　考查词性转换。由空格前的副词可知需用形容词作表语。
2．it　考查代词。由句子结构可知空格处应是it作形式主语，真正的主语是to find someone else to blame。
3．that　考查同位语从句的连接词。that引导同位语从句，解释fact的具体内容。
4．from　考查介词。run away from “逃离，回避”，固定搭配。
5．has been made　考查动词的时态和语态。make a mistake “犯错误”，此处mistake作主语，根据副词already和make与the mistake的动宾关系可知，需用现在完成时的被动语态。
6．Pay　考查句式。根据下文learn the lesson, and grow that ... 可知此句是祈使句。
7．back　考查副词。由句意“当你犯了错误，不要老是回头看这个错误”可知填back。look back at意为“回头看，回顾”，符合句意。
8．wisdom　考查词性转换。由介词of可知应填名词。
9．The　考查冠词。根据上文并列句式“The past cannot be changed”可知填定冠词The。
10．to achieve　考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知此处应为不定式短语作目的状语。
Ⅳ.短文改错
Dear Susan，
I'm glad to hear you'll attend the reception, but I think it's a good chance for you to make some new friends. I'd like to give some advices at your request.
When introducing, you may shake the hands with them and say “Nihao” in Chinese. If you can't speak Chinese, you may speak simply English. They like to communicate with you in English to practicing their spoken English.
Senior high school students in China today has various hobbies. Boys are familiar to NBA stars, while girls are crazy about film stars and singers. Of course, new films can attract their attention easy. I hope these suggestions will helpful to you.
Best wishes!
Yours，
Li Hua
答案：
Dear Susan，
I'm glad to hear you'll attend the reception, I think it's a good chance for you to make some new friends. I'd like to give some at your request.
When ， you may shake hands with them and say “Nihao” in Chinese. If you can't speak Chinese, you may speak English. They like to communicate with you in English to their spoken English.
Senior high school students in China today various hobbies. Boys are familiar NBA stars, while girls are crazy about film stars and singers. Of course, new films can attract their attention . I hope these suggestions will helpful to you.
Best wishes！
Yours，
Li Hua
1.but→and　考查连词。由句意可知前后两个分句是顺承关系，而不是转折关系。
2.advices→advice　考查不可数名词。advice是不可数名词，没有复数形式。
3.introducing→introduced　考查非谓语动词。由上下语境可知句子的主语you与introduce是被动关系，因此应用过去分词。When introduced相当于When you are introduced。
4.去掉hands前的the　考查固定短语。shake hands with意为“与……握手”，固定搭配。
5.simply→simple　考查形容词。修饰名词应该用形容词。副词是用来修饰动词的。
6.practicing→practice/practise　考查动词不定式。此处应用不定式作目的状语。
7.has→have　考查主谓一致。句子的主语students是复数名词，谓语也应用复数。
8.to→with　考查习惯搭配。sb. be familiar with“某人熟悉……”，固定搭配。
9.easy→easily　考查副词。修饰谓语动词attract应用副词。
10.helpful前加be　考查句子结构。此句中的宾语从句是主系表结构。