非谓语动词一览表.doc

非谓语动词一览表
非谓语动词
主动式
被动式
可充当的句子成分
动词不定式
to do
to be done
主语
宾语
表语
定语
补语
状语
插入语
to be doing
/
to have done
to have been done
to have been doing
/
动名词
doing
being done
主语
宾语
表语
定语
having done
having been done
现在分词
doing
being done
表语
定语
补语
状语
插入语
having done
having been done
过去分词
done

动词不定式的基本用法：
一. 语法功能: 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语(主语补足语)、状语以及插入语（独立成分)，唯独不可作谓语。
（主语）To scold her would not be just.
（宾语）We are planning to build a Disney park here.
（宾补）They hurriedly ended the meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.
（表语）Our most urgent task is to make a careful analysis of the present situation.
仔细分析当前的形势是我们最迫切的任务。
（定语）Do you have anything else to add? 还有什么要补充的吗
（目的状语）Learn from past mistakes to avoid future ones. 惩前毖后。
（结果状语）He made a long speech only to show his ignorance of the subject.
他大讲了一通，只暴露他对这门学科的无知。
（程度状语）I don’t know her to speak to. 我认识她还不到能与她谈话的程度。
(原因状语) We shall be happy to co-operate with you in the work.
(独立成分) To put it another way, do you like him?
To be honest, I don’t know anything about it.

I. 作主语：
1. To say is easier than to do. = Saying is easier than doing.
2. To see is to believe. =Seeing is believing.
3. How to go there hasn’t been decided yet.
4. Who to blame for the traffic accident is still a puzzle.
5. Whether to go or stay is not known.
6. It is important to study English well and go to college.
7. It is our duty to give a hand to people in trouble.
8. It takes me three hours to do house cleaning on Sundays.
9. To master a foreign language is very important。
=It is very important to master a foreign language.
【总结归纳】不定式作主语，用It代替主语，而把不定式后置，常见句型：
1． It is + adj. (important, possible, impossible, necessary, hard, difficult, easy,
strange, natural,…) + (for sb.) to do sth.
It is + adj. ( honest, brave, foolish, clever, careful, kind, wise, careless, good, nice, silly, stupid, impolite…) +(of sb.) to do sth.
eg: It is quite necessary for us to learn English well.
It was very brave of you to jump into the river to save the girl.
In fact, it is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.
It is kind of you to help me. = You are kind to help me .
It was foolish of you to believe him.
= Ii is foolish of you to have believed him
right, wrong既可用于for sb. to do sth. 也可用于of sb. to do sth.
eg. It’s right/wrong for / of him to do the work alone.
2． It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, one’s duty, a shame) + to do sth.
eg. It’s my duty to teach you how to be a student of No.3 Middle School.
3．It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, days, patience…) + to do sth.
eg: It requires patience to learn English well.
4 . It made sb. + adj. (excited, frightened , angry ) + to do sth.
eg: It made me delighted to have been invited to give you a speech here.

II. 作表语：
当句子的主语是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。例如：
1. Our most important task now is to make a plan.
2. What I would suggest is to start work at once.
3. At that time his job was to write reports for the newspaper.
4. The problems remain to be unsettled.
5. His father’s task is to raise pigs and goats.
6. My question is when to start the work.
7. The problem is whether to buy a bigger computer.
8. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
9. ① All that we have to do is（to）practice speaking English every day.
② What we have to do is（to）practice speaking English every day.

III. 作宾语
1. Do you agree to lend him 200 yuan to buy a birthday’s gift?
2. They managed to pass the driving test.
3. We determine to study English harder than before.
4. I don’t know what to do next.
5. He refused to accept the present.
6. He tried to avoid answering my questions.
7. The cat said “Remember not to take it next time!”.
【总结归纳】
1）只可以接不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, afford, expect, ___________________________________________________________etc.
2) Eg. We have no choice but to wait.
Cf. We can do nothing but wait.
3) 用it作形式宾语,宾语补足语后置，find, think, consider, believe, feel, make + it + adj. / n. + to do sth.
eg: I find it very interesting to talk with you.
Do you think it a pity to miss a wonderful film?
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.

IV. 宾语补足语 在SVOC句型中，许多动词都可以跟不定式作宾语补足语。
eg: You should get them to help you
Jim told me to give his best wishes to everyone here.
Parents want their children to develop fully.
Please ask John not to turn off the air-condition.
He encouraged me to talk to him in English.
They are allowed to talk in the classroom after class.
He often made his workers work 10 hours a day, but recently he has been made to reduce the worhing hour.
【总结归纳】
1) 通常作宾语补语的不定式要带to，常用于以下动词和动词词组之后： want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, cause, force, invite, warn, forbid, get, vote for, call on, count on, rely on, depend on, long for, wait for 等。
但在谓语动词believe, find, think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove等后面常跟to be…作宾补，也可省略 to be.
eg. They believe him (to be ) honest.
I find her (to be ) humorous.
You can’t imagine them (to be ) careful and interesting.
2) 以下两类动词后跟不定式作宾补时不能带to ( 但变为被动语态时要加 to )
①一些表示“致使”意义的动词， 即let, have, make；
②一些表示“感觉”的动词，五看两听一感觉(listen to, watch, observe, notice, look at , see, hear, listento, feel.)
Eg: Don’t let the children trouble you.
I heard someone open the door.
Someone was heard to open the door.
His father made him go to bed early.
He was made to go to bed by his father.
3) help 后to 带不带都可以。
Eg: He often helps (to) do some housework at home.
He helped an old man ( to ) walk across the street.

V. 作定语 不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词或代词。
1). 动词不定式作定语，与所修饰名词有动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend. He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about. She has a child to take care of.
It seems that he has no pen to write with. I have a lot to talk about with you.
区别：Have you got anything to send? Have you got anything to be sent?
Exx.
He has many letters __________( write).
He is looking for a large room ________________( live ) in.
Please give me a piece of paper ________________ ( write ) on.
Please give me a pen ____________________ ( write ) with.
I want to buy a knife _________________ ( cut ) apples with.
①Everyone had an application form in his hand, but no one knew which office _____. A. to send it to B. to send it C. to be sent to D. to have it sent
②— I would like to buy an expensive camera.
— Well. We have several models _____.
  A. to choose from B. to choose C. to be chosen D. for choosing
③ I am going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything ___ to your son?
A. taken B. to take C. to be taken D. take
2). He has no money and no place to live ( in ).
The Central Park is a good place for people to rest and relax ( in ).
I have no time to write to you ( in ).
Spring is a good season to go travelling ( in ).
I have no way to solve the problem ( in ).
若不定式修饰的名词是place, time, way， 不定式后的介词常省略。
3). I will go to Nanjing. Do you have anything to be taken there?
Cf: I will go to Nanjing with you. Do you have anything to take there?
I have no more letters to be typed.Thank you.You can go home now.
Cf: I have no more letters to type. I can go home now.
4).被修饰名词前有序数词，形容词最高级修饰：
Edison was the first scientist to build a modern research and development center.
He is always the first to come and the last to leave .
Madame Curie was the first woman in the world to win two Nobel Prizes.
He is the only person in the office to be invited to the ball.
She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.
5). There is no need to worry about me.
There is nothing to do / to be done now.
There’re many places of interest to visit（=to be visited）in China.
Cf: There is nothing for me to do now. (只能用 to do)
There are many places of interest for her to visit in China. (只能用 to do)

VI. 作状语 不定式可以作状语，表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。
① ( not )to do…, in order ( not ) to do…, so as ( not )to do…作目的状语
Eg: She reads China Daily every day to/ in order to/ so as to improve her English. 注：in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。
We should take action to stop pollution to keep the river clean.
To sleep late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm.
To / In order to catch up with the other students, he is working harder.
In order for the students to pass the exam, the teachers are working hard.
We ran all the way so as not to be late for the lecture.
Exx: 1) All these gifts must be mailed immediately ___ in time for Christmas.
A. in order to have received B. in order to receive
C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving
★注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致
2) In order to make our city green, _____.
A. it is necessary to have planted more trees B. we must plant more trees
C. many more trees need to plant D. our city needs more trees
② 在so…as to do, such….as to do, only / never to do…结构中，不定式作结果状语，其中only / never to do…用于表示意想不到的结果。
Eg: He is so kind as to help strangers in need of help.
He is such a kind man as to help strangers out of trouble.
He hurried to the station only to find the train had gone.
He hurried to the station only to be told the train had gone.
He lifted a rock, only to drop it on his own feet.
He left home three months ago, never to come back.
He left home three months ago, never to be seen again.
③ enough to do, too…to do, 结构
Eg: The boy isn’t old enough to go to school.
= The boy is too young to go to school.
He arrived late to find the train gone. He is too weak to do the work.
= He is not strong enough to do the work.
He woke up the next morning to find that he was in a hospital.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调：或用never to do
He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.
He hurried to the booking office only to be told that all the tickets had been sold out.
He left his hometown when he was very young, never to return.
Exx: He was busy writing a story, only ____ once in a while to smoke a cigarette.
A. to stop B. stopping C. to have stopped D. having stopped

④ 形容词（happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等）+ 不定式结构中，不定式作原因状语。
Eg: I’m sorryto hear that you are ill.
I’m more than happy / glad / willing to take you there in my car.
I’m glad to see you .
I feel greatly honored ____ into their society. （2008北京卷）
A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomed
注意: ★only too 表“非常”、“很”
They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit.
★ too happy / glad / pleased / eager / anxious / ready etc.
= very happy / glad / pleased / eager / anxious / ready etc.
She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.
She was too eager to see her daughter.
Exx: --- Thanks for your trouble.
--- Not at all. I’m ___ pleased to help you.
A. too much B. too only C. so much D. only too
⑤ 伴随状语as if to do sth
He moved his lips as if to say something.
He raised his hand as if to greet me.
He paused, as if to let the painful memory pass.

VII. 作插入语(独立成分)，用来说明说话人的态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释，如： to be frank（坦白地说），to be sure（确实, 诚然，固然）, to tell you the truth（说实话）, to be honest（老实说）, to be exact (精确地说), to begin with（首先） , to start with（首先）, to make a long story short(长话短说),
to make matters worse（更糟的是）, to be brief (简言之), to say nothing of (姑且不说)，to conclude(总之) ，believe it or not（信不信由你） 等。

Eg. To tell you the truth, I don’t love you.
I lost my way in complete darkness and , to make things worse ,
it began to pour.
To be frank, I don't like the way he talked.

二、不定式的时态
1．一般式：
表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动作之后，或没有时间限制。例如：
They often watch us play table tennis.（与谓语动作同时）
She hopes to go there again.（在谓语动作之后）
It is necessary and important to read English every day.（无时间限制）
The factory to make radios is over there.（无时间限制）
She decided not to be late again. （在谓语动作之后，否定式）

She promised never to make such a stupid mistake.（同上）
2. 完成式：表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
She seems to have been told everything.
She seems to have been a teacher for many years.
3. 进行式：表示正在发生的动作且与谓语动作同时发生。例如：
She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.
They pretended to be working very hard.
We happened to be talking about it.
4．完成进行式：
表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。
He is said to have been working there for more than twenty years.

不定式的时态、语态填空:
1. Many people are eager ____________ (talk about) their future.
2. Some of my friends seem ______________ (make) their plans nowadays.
3. Mary is happy _______________ (make) a great decision.
4. Now he is an engineer, but he plans to __________ (change) his future life.
5. He seemed to ___________________ (question) for many times.
6. We are invited to a party _________ (hold) in our club next Friday. 
7. I feel greatly honored ________________ (welcome) into their society.
8. Have you checked all the goods ______ to the medical next week?
9. The play ______ (produce) next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
10. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle ___(hear).
11. It remain _________ (see) whether Jim’ll be fit enough to play in the finals.
12．---Is Bob still performing?”
---I’m afraid not. He is said to _______ (leave) the stage already as he has become an official.”
13. I don’t know whether you ____________________________ (碰巧听说了), but I’m going to study in the U.S.A. this September .
14. All these gifts must be mailed immediately so as to ___________ (receive) in time for Christmas.
15. We are invited to a party to _____________ (hold) in our club next Friday. 

三、主动表示被动
⑴ 逻辑上的主谓关系 --- 句中有动作的执行者
Do you have anything to say on this question
With a lot of housework to do, I can’t go to the concert with you.
I’ll go to town. Do you have anything to be taken to your son?（you 不是take 动作的执行者）
⑵ 部分形容词+不定式，与主语是逻辑上的动宾关系---回头现象
The book is difficult to understand. =It is difficult to understand.
The chair is comfortable to sit on.
Exciting as its special effects are to watch, there is too much violence in the film.
He is a pleasant person to work with.
此类形容词有easy, hard, cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful等。
⑶ to blame受责备; to let 待出租
The house is to let.