人教版高中英语选修7Unit3知识点详解.doc

Part 1. Warming up
Part 2. Pre-reading, reading and comprehending
1. I thought，at the time，that this was just a story but then I witnessed it with my own eyes many time.我当时认为这只是个故事，但是后来我却多次亲眼目睹了这样的事情。
witness vt. 目睹；目击；为……作证
句型witness to (doing/having done) sth.证明某事；证实做了某事
Police are appealing to any driver who may have witnessed the accident.警方正呼吁曾目睹这事故的司机出面作证。
The 1980s witnessed increasing unemployment throughout Europe.20世纪80年代是全欧洲失业日益加剧的年代。
Her principal was called to witness to her good character.她的校长被传唤来证明她优良的品质。
The driver witnessed to having seen the man enter the building.司机作证说，他看到此人进入那栋建筑物。
n. 证据；目击者
He has been a witness to a terrible murder.他目击了一起残忍的凶杀事件。
His good health is a witness to the success of the treatment.他身体健康证明这种疗法是成功的。
2.One afternoon I arrived at the station, as I was sorting out my accommodation, I heard a loud noise coming from the bay.
归纳总结
accommodation n.住处；停留处；和解，调解；(pl.)住宿，膳宿
(1)make accommodations for...为……提供膳宿
book accommodation at a hotel向旅馆预订房间
arrange sb.’s accommodation给某人安排住处
（2）accommodate vt.向……提供住宿（或膳宿）；容纳；为……提供空间；考虑到；顾及；
帮忙；给……提供方便；顺应，适应（新情况）
accommodate...to=adapt...to使……适应
accommodate oneself to=adapt (oneself) to适应；顺应
accommodate sb.with sth.=supply sb.with sth.给某人提供……
即学即用
（1）客座艺术家们只好自掏腰包支付食宿费用。
Guest artists have to pay for their own accommodations and meals.
（2）旅馆房间不足。The hotel accommodation is scarce.
（3）这幢房子可容纳两家人居住。 The house can accommodate two families
(4)银行将提供一笔贷款给你。The bank will accommodate you with a loan.
(5)你必须使自己适应形势。You will have to accommodate yourself to the situation.
3.We ran down to the shore in time to see an enormous animal opposite us throwing itself out of the water and then crashing down again.
搭配 opposite to…在……的对面；与……相反
I sat opposite to him during the meal. 吃饭的时候我坐在他的对面。
The result was opposite to what we expected. 结果与我们所预料的正好相反。
see...doing... 看见……正在做……；throwing itself out of the water and then crashing down again在句中作宾语补足语，与宾语an enormous animal存在逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用现在分词形式。
I saw the little child crossing the street.我看见那个小孩儿在过马路。
(1)在感官动词see, hear, look at, notice, observe, feel, find等及使役动词have, make, leave, keep, get等后既可以用不定式也可以用动词­ing形式作宾语补足语。不定式(不带to)表示过程或动词完成，v.­ing形式强调进行或当时情景。
(2)另外在感官动词see, hear, feel等及使役动词make, get, have, keep等后也可用动词­ed形式作宾语补足语，宾语与宾补之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
The boss kept the workers working the whole night.那个老板让工人整夜地工作。
I have never heard him spoken ill of.我从未听说过有人说他的坏话。
I have my hair cut once a month.我每月理一次发。
4. “Come on, Clancy. To the boat”, George said as he ran ahead of me.
come on（祈使句，表示劝说，激励，不耐烦，催促）来吧，赶快，得了吧
与come相关的短语：
come about 发生
come across 偶然遇见
come out 出版
come through 经历...仍活着,安然渡过
come to 总计
come up 被提出；长出地面
come up with 提出
come about , come through, come out , come up, come to , come across
1) The cost of the journey _______ 3000 yuan.
2) How did the accident ___________ ?
3) When will the book __________ ?
4) I _____________ my teacher in the street yesterday .
5) The seeds haven’t __________ yet .
6) The old man ___________ the World War I.
comes to come about come out came across come up came through
5.This was the call that announced there was about to be a whale hunt.这是宣告捕鲸行动马上就要开始的号角。
be about to do表示打算或即将发生的动作，但它不与表示将来时间的副词或其他具体 将来时间状语连用。但可以与when连用，构成固定句型。
6.Within a moment or two, its body was dragged swiftly by the killers down into the depths of the sea.
drag vt. 拖；拉 vi.拖曳；吸
drag away 用力拖，拉
drag out/on (使)持续过久，拖延
drag sb. down 使身体垮掉；使情绪低落
Her dress dragged on the floor.她的裙子在地板上拖曳着。
Angry protesters were dragged away by the police.愤怒的抗议者被警察拖走了。
They dragged out the meeting with long speeches.他们的发言长篇大论，使会议拖了很长时间。
7.“In the meantime,Old Tom,and the others are having a good feed on its lips and tongue,”...在这段时间里，老汤姆和其他虎鲸会饱餐一顿的，鲸唇和鲸舌就是它们的美食……
in the meantime意为“在……期间，同时”，其同义词是meanwhile。
for the meantime 目前，眼下
8.“Man overboard! Turn the boat around!”urged George, shouting loudly.
归纳总结
urge vt.催促；极力主张；驱策。
(1)urge sth./sb.on催促某物/某人前进
urge sb.to do sth.催促某人做某事
urge sb.into doing sth.催促某人做某事
(2)urge that...极力主张，强调，从句谓语形式为(should)+动词原形
It is urged that...坚决要求……，从句谓语形式为（should）+动词原形
即学即用
（1）他要求所有学生参加这次活动。He argued all the students to take part in this activity.
（2）我强调他要尽自己最大的努力。I urgued that he (should) do his best.
（3）有人极力主张他应受到惩罚。 It was urgued that he should be punished .
9.The sea was rough that day and it was difficult to handle the boat.那天海面上风大浪高，很难操纵船只。
be+adj.+to do在“主语+系动词+形容词+不定式”结构中，不定式与主语在意义上是动宾关系，但要用主动形式表被动意义；如果不定式的动词是不及物的，要在不定式后边加介词。用于这种句式中的形容词常为：easy, difficult, heavy, hard, nice, bitter, dangerous, interesting, important, comfortable, pleasant, impossible等。
此句型中还可用it作 形式主语，常构成以下结构：It’s+adj.+for sb.to do sth.对某人来说做某事……It’s+adj.+of sb.to do sth.某人如此……而做某事
10.From James’s face,I could see he was terrified of being abandoned by us.
归纳总结
abandon vt.遗弃,放弃；n. 放任，放纵。
abandon oneself to...纵情；沉溺于……
abandon doing sth.放弃做某事
with abandon放纵地，放任地
abandoned adj.无约束的；无度的；放荡的
【巧学助记】
The child was abandoned by his parents. Eventually the abandoned boy was found wandering in the street，abandoning himself to despair.那个孩子被他的父母遗弃了，后来有人发现那个被抛弃的孩子在大街上游荡，他已陷入了绝望。
11.It took over half an hour to get the boat back to James, and when we approached him, I saw James being firmly held up in the water by Old Tom.
归纳总结
(1)在It takes (sb.) some time/sth.to do sth.
句型中，take意为“ 花费，需要”，take前也可用具体名词作主语。
It takes/took/will take sb.some time to do sth.是一固定句型。也可用于It takes/took/will take sb.some money to do sth.。
(2)it作形式主语时，还可构成以下句型：
强调句型：It is+被强调部分+who/that...
It is the first/second time that...某人第几次做某事
It is (high) time that sb.did/should do sth.是某人该做……的时候了
It’s said/reported/thought that...据说/报道/认为……
It’s a pity/a shame/a wonder that...可惜/奇怪的是……
It happens/appears/seems that...恰巧/好像……
It seems/looks as if...看起来好像……
It’s up to sb.to do sth....该某人做某事

hold up ①举起；抬起　②承受住；支撑　③维持；保持良好　④阻挡；使停顿；耽误
The pupil held up his hand to ask the teacher a question.那个学生举手要问老师一个问题。
The chair was too weak to hold him up. 那把椅子承受不住他的重量。
I hope the fine weather will hold up.我希望这么好的天气会持续下去。
提示 hold up 作“阻挡，使停顿，耽误”解时，常用被动语态。
We were held up for five minutes in a traffic jam.我们赶上了交通阻塞，被耽误了5分钟。
hold 相关短语
hold down　　压制，抑制；缩减；垂下
The rate of inflation must be held down.通货膨胀率必须控制在低水平上。
Hold it down, will you? I’m trying to sleep!小点声行吗？我要睡觉。
hold back 踌躇；阻止，抑制（感情等）；隐瞒
She held back, not knowing how to break the terrible news.她踌躇着，不知如何说出这一可怕的消息。
She just managed to hold back her anger.她勉强压住了自己的怒火。
hold on 等着，停住；坚持住；不挂断；抓住……不放
Hold on, this isn’t the right road. 等一下！这条路不对。
They managed to hold on until help arrived.他们坚持到救援来。
Hold on and don’t let go until I say so. 握紧，等我让你松手时再松开。
hold out 伸出；提供，维持；阻止，制止
They all held out their hands to welcome me.
Such a situation held out for another half a month.
up 相关短语
keep up 继续，坚持
take up 开始从事于，占据，拿起
bring up 抚养，培养
make up 组成，编造，化妆
pick up 拾起，学会，得到，(用车)去接，搭载
put up 搭建起，张贴，投宿
set up 建立，建造
show up 露面，出席
throw up 呕吐
turn up 出现，出席，调高(音量)
12. What evidence was there that Old Tom was helping the whalers out?
归纳总结
help out意为：帮助……摆脱困境或危难 。
help sb.(to) do sth.帮某人做某事
help (to) do sth.帮忙做某事
cannot help doing sth.禁不住做某事
cannot help but do sth.不能不/不得不做某事
help oneself (to sth.)自用；自取所需（食物等）
help sb.with sth.帮助某人做某事
with the help of... 在……帮助下=with one’s help

13.It seemed there was a surprise waiting for me around every corner...看起来好像每个角落里都有惊喜在等着我……
It seemed...意为“看来......”，其中seem为动词，意为“看起来像……，似乎……，好像……”。
Part 3. Learning about Language
Part 4. Using Language
1.I’m sitting in the warm night air with a cold drink in my hand and reflecting on the day.
归纳总结
reflect vt. 映射；反射；vi. & vt.思考
(1)reflect sb./sth.in sth.（指镜子等）映出某人/物的影像
reflect sth.from sth.从某物（表面）反射（光、热、声等）
reflect on/upon sth.思考某事
(2)reflection n.反射，反照，反映；映像
be lost in reflection陷入沉思中
即学即用
(1)她坐着，在思考自从他买下这个农场以来发生了多少变化。
She sat reflecting on how much it had changed since he’d bought the farm.
(2)这种材料吸音，而不产生回音。This material absorbs the sound, and doesn’t reflect it.
(3)这一事件给相关人士都造成了恶劣影响。This incident reflects badly on everyone involved.
2.The first thing I became aware of was all the vivid colors surrounding me—purples, reds, oranges, yellows, blues and greens.
归纳总结
be/become aware of意为：对……知道，明白；意识到……。
(1)be aware that知道；体会到……
as far as I’m aware据我所知
(2)develop an awareness of...逐渐懂得……
lack of awareness缺乏认识
即学即用
（1）大多数人知道酒后开车的危险。
Most people are aware of the dangers of driving after drinking.
（2）我想你还不知道这对我有多重要。
I don’t think you’re aware of how important this means to me.
（3）她发觉东西被偷了。
She became aware that something had been stolen.
3.The fish didn’t seem to mind me swimming among them.我在这些鱼中间游泳，它们似乎并不介意。
Do/Would you mind if…..?
Do you mind doing….?....你介意吗？
不介意：Of course not. Certainly not. No, not at all. No, go ahead.
介意:I’m sorry, but I do. I’m sorry, you’d better not.
Never mind 多用来宽慰对方或用作针对歉意的答语，意思是“没关系，别介意”。
mind后接动名词有无逻辑主语意思不同。
Do you mind opening the car door for the old lady?
Do you mind my/me opening the car door for the old lady?
4....a large wise-looking turtle was passing so close to me that I could have touched it.一只长相聪慧的大海龟紧贴着我的身旁游过，几乎伸手便可触及。
could have done sth. 意为“本来能做某事(却没做)”
I could have lent you the money.Why didn’t you ask me?我本来可以把钱借给你的，你为什么没有向我借呢？
拓展 could have done与might have done 也可表示推测语气，意为“可能做了某事”，could多用于否定句或疑问句中。
She couldn’t/can’t have been to London，for she knows nothing about it. 她不可能去过伦敦，因为她对伦敦一无所知。
He might/may have gone to sleep，for the light is turned off.他可能已睡觉了，因为灯已熄灭。
5.There were other creatures that I didn’t want to get too close to—an eel with its strong sharp teeth，with only its head showing from a hole，watching for a tasty fish (or my tasty toe！)
“with复合结构”表示动作或伴随情况，在句中一般作定语或状语。它的构成形式为with＋名词＋形容词/副词/现在分词/过去分词/动词不定式/介词短语。
(1)with＋n.＋介词短语
The teacher entered the classroom with a thick dictionary in his hand/under his arm.老师进了教室，手里拿着一本厚词典/胳膊底下夹着一本厚词典。
(2)with＋n.＋adj.
I like sleeping with all the windows open.我喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
(3)with＋n.＋to do sth.
With all the clothes to wash，I will be very busy today.
(4)with＋n.＋doing sth.
With the boy leading the way，they had no difficulty in finding the house.有那个男孩领路，他们很容易就找到了那栋房子。
(5)with＋n.＋done
With his homework finished，the boy went out to play.做完作业后，那男孩出去玩了。
(6)with＋n.＋adv.
With her mother away，the little girl left lonely.由于妈妈离开了，小女孩感到孤独。
6..I told myself they weren’t dangerous but that didn’t stop me from feeling scared to death for a moment!
归纳总结
(be) scared to death吓死了
be scared of sb./(doing)sth.害怕某人/恐惧(干)某事
scare sb. into doing sth.恐吓/威胁某人做某事
be scared to do sth.不敢干某事
scare...away/off把……吓跑
scared adj.担惊受怕的
scare vt. 恐吓 ；vi.受惊吓 。
即学即用
(1)那声音把我吓坏了。 That noise scared me.
(2)他动不动就害怕。He scared easily.
(3)他们点起火来把狼吓跑。They lighted a fire to the scare off wolves.
(4)有些父母试图用吓唬的法子使孩子守规矩。
Some parents try to scare their children into behaving well
7. The water was quite shallow but where the reef ended，there_was_a steep drop to the sandy ocean floor. 海水是浅的，但是到了珊瑚礁的尽头,就有一个陡坡，一直下降到满是沙子的海底。
where...，there be...，意为“在……的地方，有……”，where引导地点状语从句。
①You’d better leave the medicine where kids can’t get it. 你最好把药放到孩子够不到的地方。
②Where there is a will，there is a way.有志者，事竟成。
③As far as I’m concerned，you are free to go wherever you like.就我个人而言，你愿意去哪里就去哪里．

本单元语法
V-ing 的用法：
1.作主语
Swimming is good for health.
Raising (raise) your hat to a lady is good manners .对一位女士脱帽致敬是礼貌的。
Being killed (kill) by sharks in the sea is a common thing .
2. 作表语
Teaching is learning.教学相长．
My hobby is making (make) model planes.
What worried the child most was not being allowed (not, allow) to visit his mother in the hospital .
注意：
1）动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。如：
Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火）
To play with fire will be dangerous.（指一具体动作）
2). V-ing形式和不定式都要有对称性;当主语是不定式时，表语也用不定式；反之，当主语是 V-ing 形式时，表语也用 V-ing 形式。
To see is to believe.= Seeing is believing.
3). It’s no use (good) doing sth
It’s a waste of time doing sth
it 作形式主语, 只用V-ing,不用不定式。
※ It is + adj. + (for sb ) to do sth
It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。
It is a waste of time talking (talk) to him .
It is important for me to learn (learn) English .
3.作宾语
V-ing 形式既可作动词的宾语, 也可作介词的宾语。
We would appreciate hearing from you．我们会珍惜你的来信。
The bird escaped being caught (catch) .
I feel like joining (join) the army.
He was afraid of being abandoned (abandon) by us.
注意：
在 avoid, admit, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest, give up, put off, feel like, insist on , instead of, look forward to, object to, keep on等后只接V-ing形式作宾语。
注意
①在want，need，require，deserve等动词之后作宾语时，常用动名词的主动式表示被动意义。
Your car needs filling. 你这车要充气了。
This city deserves visiting. 这座城市值得光顾一下。
The problem requires studying carefully .这个问题需要认真研究。
The trees want watering .这些树需要浇水了。
②在（be）worth后面只能用动名词的主动态来表示被动意义。
His suggestion is worth considering.
The book is worth reading.
The problem is worthy of being discussed.
The problem is worthy to be discussed.  
③在allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
4. 作定语
The girl standing there is my sister .
This is a piece of surprising (surprise) news .
The problem being discussed (discuss) now is very important.
The farmers working (work)in the fields are tired .
5. 作状语
Hearing the good news , he jumped with joy .
He sat at the table , reading ( read ) China Daily .
Being asked (ask) to answer the question, she couldn’t refuse.
Working ( work ) hard , you will succeed .
6. 作宾语补足语:
I saw people coming and going in the street .
I heard her singing (sing) a song in her room.
You’ll find the topic being discussed (discuss) everywhere now.
7.--- Ving 一般时和一般时的被动形式;
1) He hurried home , looking behind from time to time .
2) The building being repaired is our dormitory.
--- Ving 的完成时和完成时的被动形式
1) Having lit a candle , she went out.
2) Having been asked to stay , I couldn’t leave .
3) Having heard this , our teacher expressed her satisfaction .
8. 在绝大数情况下，的逻辑主语是句子的主语，但有时前可有一个名词或代词表示视神经逻辑上的主语，这种带逻辑主语的称为独立结构。
The meeting being over, we all left the room and drove home.会议结束后，我们都离开房间开车走了。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
9. 有少数并不表示句子主语的动作，而是表示说话人的态度。
Generally speaking, the novel is not very inspiring.总的来说，这部小说并不感人。
Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed.从你说的情况看，他应能成功。

Practice
1. --- What made Bill so angry?
--- ___. His girl friend promised to come at 8:30, but she hasn’t come yet.
A. Having kept waiting B. Being kept waiting
C. To be kept waiting D. Being kept waited
2. The building