牛津高中英语模块八语言点讲解.doc

如皋中学高二英语第八模块第一单元语言点（教师）
Unit one The written world
Welcome to the unit
1. If you were asked to recommend a book to a friend, what book would you choose? (P1)
知识点回顾：recommend vt.推荐；建议
(1) 推荐；介绍
recommend + n. 推荐……
recommend + n. / pron. (间宾)+ n. (直宾) 向……推荐……
recommend + n. / pron. (直宾)+ to + n. (间宾) 向……推荐……
recommend + n. / pron. + as 推荐某人担任(某职务)
(2) 建议，劝告
recommend + doing 建议做……
recommend + n. / pron. + 不定式 建议某人做……
recommend + that 从句(should + 动词原形)
友情提醒：表示“坚持，建议，要求，命令”等意义的动词，其后的宾语从句中的谓语常用“(should) + 动词原形”。这类动词的字头记忆口诀是：I DROP CAPS―― insist, demand, desire, request, require, order, propose, command, ask, advise, prefer, suggest。
跟踪练习：
① The doctor recommended that I _stay_ (stay) a few more days in hospital.
② It is suggested that a lawyer _be sent for_ (send for) immediately.
③ 你能推荐一些有关这个学科的新书给我吗？
Can you recommend me some new books on the subject?
④ 医生劝病人接受他的忠告。
The doctor recommended the patient to take his advice.
2. Do you think that e-books will ever replace books in print? (P1)
归纳拓展：replace 取代，替代，替换；放回原处，退换，赔偿
replace = take the place of 取代，代替
replace …by / with … 以……替代、替换
in place of = in one’s place 代替
take one’s place = take the place of 代替
give place to sb. / sth. 为某人、某物所取代，让位于……
跟踪练习：
① 所有的书都必须放回到书架上。
All the books must be replaced on the shelves.
② 我用新轮胎换了旧轮胎。
I replaced the old tyres with new ones.
③ 他失去了家庭，这一损失是无法弥补的。
Nothing can take the place of the family he had lost.
Welcome to the unit 短语归纳：
listen to music for entertainment in their spare time
recommend a book to your friend in print

Reading: Appreciating literature
1. … the language used in them is quite different from the language used today. (line 6-7)
它们当中所运用的语言与现在人们所运用的语言大不相同。
[句法分析] 本句为简单句，used in them 为过去分词短语作定语
过去分词短语作定语：单个的过去分词通常作前置定语，而分词短语作定语常后置，相当于一个定语从句。
He is an advanced teacher. 他是个先进老师。
The play performed by the students was a great success.
= The play which was performed by the students was a great success.
由学生们表演的那个戏剧获得了巨大成功。
巧辩异同：过去分词、现在分词的被动式与不定式的被动式作定语的区别
这三种形式作定语，主要是体现在动作发生的时间上
(1) 过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性，即表示被动关系。
(2) 现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。
(3) 不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作
试翻译并比较下列句子：
① 你读过狄更斯写的小说吗？(在谓语动词所表示动作之前发生)
Have you read the novels written by Dickens?
② 他是一个被所有人爱戴的人。(没有时间性，只表示被动)
He is a man loved and respected by all.
③ 听！正在演唱的这首歌很受学生的欢迎。
Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.
④ 将在明天会议上讨论的问题非常重要。
The question to be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.
2. Many people do not read them because they think they are old-fashioned and boring, and have nothing to do with life today. (line 8-10) 许多人不读这些书，因为他们认为这些书已经过时了，让人厌烦，并且和现实生活没有联系。
[句法分析] 本句为复合句，because 引导原因状语从句。
★ old-fashioned
复合形容词的构成：
形容词词干 + 名词-ed middle-aged 中年的 cold-blooded 冷血的
形容词词干 + 形容词词干 red-hot 炽热的 dark-blue 深蓝色的
形容词词干 + 现在分词 ordinary-looking 相貌平平的 funny-looking 样子滑稽的
形容词词干 + 过去分词 ready-made 现成的，制作好的 clean-washed 洗得干净的
副词词干 + 现在分词或过去分词 hard-working 勤劳的 deep-stuck 深陷的
名词词干 + 形容词词干 life-long 终身的 snow-white 雪白的
名词词干 + 现在分词/过去分词 peace-loving 热爱和平的 man-made 人造的
数词词干 + 名词-ed / 名词-形容词 three-legged 三条腿的 four-year-old 4岁的
★ have nothing to do with 与……没有联系 have something to do with 与……有联系
他总是说与那个事故没有关系但实际上他与那个事故是有关系的。
He always says that he has nothing to do with the accident but in fact he has something to with it.
[用下列短语的真确形式填空]
care nothing for 对……满不在乎 for nothing 免费 make nothing of 不了解
think nothing of 对……满不在乎 nothing…but…只是 nothing like 什么也比不上；
完全不像
① He cares nothing for money. (不在乎钱)
② She got the tickets for nothing. (免费)
③ I could make nothing of (不了解) what he said.
④ She is nothing but (只是) a child.
⑤ The dress is nothing like (完全不同) the one they advertised.
⑥ He thinks nothing of (认为……不算啥) a twenty-mile walk.
3. …a modern adaptation of Charles Dickens’s novel Great Expectations appeared in cinemas. ……根据狄更斯的小说《远大前程》改编的现代版的电影出现在电影院里。(Line 15)
adaptation n. a film or play that was first written in a different and new situations 改编，改写
[单词积累] adapt vt. 使适应；改编；vi. 适应 adaptable adj. 适应性强的
[短语链接] adapt oneself to 使自己适应 adapt sth. to 使某事物适应，适合
adapt A for B 改建，改造 adapt from 根据……改编 adapt…as… 把……改写为……
有些动物学会了很快适应气候的变化。
Some animals learn to adapt themselves to the changes of weather quickly.
我将改变我的教学方法以满足新生的需要。
I will adapt my teaching methods to meet the need of the freshmen.
[巧辩异同] adapt, adjust, fit, suit 与 match 它们都有“适应”的意思。
(1) adapt 是指修改或改变，是某物或某人做些改变以适应新条件。
(2) adjust 是指借正当的判断或熟练的技巧调整调节以使两者互相适应。
你把望远镜调节到适合你的目光后，你才能看得见。
You can’t see through the telescope until it is adjusted to your eyes.
(3) fit 指大小适合。 这鞋你穿正好。 The shoes fit you well.
(4) suit 多指合乎要求、口味、性格等情况。 众口难调。 No dish suits all tastes.
(5) match 指大小、色调、形状或性质等相配或相称。
红上衣与绿裤子不相配。 A red jacket doesn’t match green trousers.
[跟踪练习]
Have you adapted ___ in a different country?
A. to live B. to living C. living D. in living
达尔文解释了生物对环境的适应现象。
4. Pip’s sister seldom has a kind word to say, but Joe is a kind and simple man, who would rather die than see any harm come to Pip. (Line 30) 皮普的姐姐几乎没有好言好语，但乔却是一个善良淳朴的人，他宁可死也不愿看到皮普受任何伤害。
★ would rather do than do
[轻松归纳]
(1) would rather do sth. 宁愿做某事；
(2) would rather not do sth.. 宁愿不做某事；
(3) would rather 后接从句时，从句中用虚拟语气(用过去式表示现在或将来的愿望，用过去完成式表示过去的愿望)；
(4) would rather do sht.1 than do sht.2 宁愿做某事1不愿做某事2 /与其做某事2，不如做某事1；
(5) prefer to do…rather than do … 喜欢做……胜过……
我宁愿听我的MP3，而不愿听CD。
Rather than listen to a CD, I would rather enjoy my MP3.
与其座公共汽车，不如走路。
I would rather walk than take a bus.
我宁愿你明天来，而不是今天来。
I would rather you came tomorrow than today.
[友情提示]
(1) rather than 表示“而不是”，指两者之间排除一个；instead of 也有此意，但因of为介词，instead 之后只能跟名词，代词和动名词，而rather than之后几乎可以接所有的词类；
(2) other than 不同于rather than，它的意思是“除了”，相当于 except；
(3) or rather 的意思是“确切地说”。
[跟踪练习]
① --Shall we go skating or stay at home? – Which ___ do?
A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
② To enjoy the scenery, Irene would rather spend long hours on the train ___ travel by air.
A. as B. to C. than D. while
③ It was owing to luck ___ judgment ___ the driver succeeded in avoiding an accident.
A. better than; when B. rather than; that C. other than; when D. more than; which
④ 改错：My son prefers to play football rather than to read books.
★ come to
(1) 表目的
他是来道别的。 He came to say goodbye.
(2) 后常跟understand，know，realize之类的动词，表示“经过一个变化过程才发生某事”
你会慢慢懂得这一点的。 You’ll come to understand it.
(3) 意为“总共，共计，达到……数目”
死亡人数总计达300多人。The deaths came to over 300.
(4) come to sb. 发生在某人身上；使想起
当你努力工作时，成功就会降临你。 Success will come to you when you work hard.
(5) come to a conclusion / decision 作出结论/决定
我也许作出了错误决定。 I might have come to a wrong decision.
(6) come to an end 结束
会议即将结束。 The meeting is coming to an end.
5. Excited by his move to London, Pip can hardly wait to begin his new life. (Line 41)
搬到伦敦后，皮普非常兴奋，他迫不及待的要开始新生活。
can hardly wait to do sth. 迫不及待要做某事
杰克迫不及待要回家。
Jack can hardly wait to go home. = Jack can’t wait to go home.
6. Pip is bent on becoming a gentleman and winning Estella’s love. (Line 46)
皮普决心成为一位绅士并赢得伊莎贝拉的爱情。
be bent on 下定决心
吉姆似乎决心成为一名音乐家。
Jim seems bent on becoming a musician.
[轻松归纳]
表示决心的短语还有：
make a decision, determine to do sth. be determined to do sth., make up one’s mind to do sth.
7. …the author tries to convince the reader to adopt a certain point of view. (Reading strategy line 1) ……作者竭力说服读者接受某种特定的观点。
convince v. 使信服
[短语链接]
convince sb. of sth. / that 使……信服……
persuade sb. of sth. / that
convince sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事
persuade sb. to do sth. / into doing sth. / out of doing sth. 说服某人做/不做某事
8. The best part of the story is when Pip makes the acquaintance of the man who gives him his fortune. (P5 Part E last line) 这个故事最精彩的部分是皮普结识了那个赠送他财产的男子。
acquaintance n. U 相识，结识
[短语链接]
make one’s acquaintance = make the acquaintance of sb. 结识某人
cut / drop one’s acquaintance 与某人绝交 gain acquaintance with 得以熟知
acquaint v. 使相识，告知 acquaint sb. with 使某人了解
我懂一点法语，但不精通。
I have some acquaintance with French, but I don’t know it well.
他是我的老相识。
He is my closest acquaintance.
[跟踪练习]
Mary is not a ___, just a (an) ___.
A. friend; acquaintances B. acquaintance; friend
C. friend; acquaintance D. acquaintance; friend
Reading: Appreciate Literature 短语归纳：(翻译并熟记)
文学欣赏______________ appreciate literature
与今天的生活没有任何关系______________ have nothing to do with life today
在当今世界占有一席之地________________________ have a place in the world today
发表小说，每次一章_______________________ publish novels one chapter at a time
在舞台上上演……__________________________ perform … on stage
以……为背景_________________________ set in (be set in)
雾是危险和不确定性的象征__ mist is a symbol of danger and uncertainty
这笔钱使他不用为经济问题担忧____ the fortune sets him free form financial worries
迫不及待做某事_______ can hardly wait to do sth.
浅薄的缺点_____ the shortcomings of being shallow
对……有偏见__ having prejudice against
一心想要成为一名绅士_____ be bent on becoming a gentleman
一部小说的重要部分____ an important part of a novel
一篇具有说服力的文章__a persuasive essay
说服读者接受某种特定的观点_____ convince the reader to adopt a certain point of view
认为……是……____ see … as …
他吝啬的姐姐_____ his mean sister
相识____ make the acquaintance of

Word Power
I.重点词汇：
1.main adj. 主要的，重要的。
这是我到这儿来的主要目的。
This is the main purpose of my coming here.
【用法搭配】主楼：main building 主要工作：main business主句：main clause 主要课程；主菜：main course 干线：main line 大路：main road
【练习】 1.Rice is our_________ （主食）（main food）
2.What is the ______ _____ ______(主菜)a meal? (main course of)
2. divide vt&vi 分，划分 divide funds分配资金 divide mails分拣邮件
注意区分separate
【练习】1。那条河在河口附近分岔。
2．他把大蛋和小蛋区分开来。
3． 那个单词有两种不同的意思。
4． 请不要让这样的小事使我们分开。
5．我们在拐角处分手了。
Key: 1.The river divides near its mouth 2. He separated the big eggs from the small ones. 3.the word has two separate meanings. 4. Please don’t let such a small matter divide us. 5. We separated at the corner.
【改错】Twenty is divided by ten makes two. (去掉is)

II.短语 focus on 对。。。。。。予以注意；把。。。。。。当作兴趣中心
【练习】
1． 讨论集中在三个主要问题上。The discussion focused on three main problems.
2． 把注意力集中在你的工作上。Focus your attention on your work.
3． 他发现很难将他的注意力集中在一件事情上。
He finds it hard to focus his thoughts on one thing.
4. Do you know the__________(焦点 ) of the trouble. （focus）
5．Only by__________ your attention _______ what you are learning can you learn it well.
A. focus ; on B. pay; on C. focusing; on D. paying; on

III.词语辨析
1．Kind, sort, type, pattern, shape, form, style.
（1）总的来说kind和sort用法是相同的，只是kind较正式。sort多用于口语和商业用语，另外, sort有时含有轻蔑的意思。常见词组有：
A kind/sort of, this kind of, that kind of, all kinds of, many kinds of, different kinds of, various kinds of, 等，of 后面的名词多用单数，且不用冠词。
（2）说某一种类的东西常用of a kind的结构
Eg. 他们都是一类的。They are all of a kind.
我喜欢这种玫瑰花。I like roses of this kind. roses of this kind=such rose
（3） 表示同种类的。What kind/sort of book do you like? What kind/sort of man is he?
（4）sort含有轻蔑的意思。
Eg. How did you get this sort of idea into your head? 你的脑子里怎么会有这种想法？
（5）form指较抽象的形式，也指物质结构的形状。
Eg. Ice, snow and steam are all different forms of water.
（6） style指文体、风格、写作方式、衣服款式
What do you know about the Norman style of architecture? 诺曼底式的建筑风格你了解多少？
（7） pattern指典型，模型 This is a sentence pattern. 这是个句型。
He has a pattern wife. 他有个模范妻子。
（8）shape 指形状，外形。 Have the shape of the letter U. 呈U字形
rocks of various shapes 各种形态的岩石。
In the shape of 呈。。。的形状，以。。。形式
They showed us politeness in the shape of a banquet. 他们设宴对我们表示礼待。
【练习】
What’s your____________ (血型)？ (blood type)

Grammar
1. He is raised in a place with other children who also have no parents.
Raise:
（1） “养大，带大”
He had to raise his children on a small income. 他得靠微簿的收入来抚养子女。
The baby was raised on milk. 这婴儿是用牛奶养大的。
（2）“饲养，种植”
他们靠养蚕等增加了收入。They increased their income by raising silkworms and so on.
在这个地区，人们饲养牛羊/种小麦。 In this region, people raise cattle and sheep/wheat.
（3） “提出”
你为什么不在会上提出这个问题？ Why didn’t you raise the question at the meeting?
（4）“筹集；募集”
他们为这个计划筹集资金遇到了很大的困难。They had much /great difficulty in raising money for the project.
（5）“提高，提升” raise one’s voice/hand/head 提高某人的嗓音/举手/抬头
raise the price of … 提高。。。。。。的价格
The worker_________ (raise) to a higher position. (was raised)
2. Oliver was abused by his new master.
Abuse: “虐待；凌辱，” “滥用；乱用”
（1）奴隶主有权任意打骂、甚至杀害奴隶。
The slave-owner had the right to beat, abuse or even kill slaves at will.
Stop abusing the old horse.
（2）我把照相机借给你，你可别瞎用。I’ll lend you my camera but don’t abuse it.
Abuse one’s authority(power) 滥用职权（权力）
（3）绝不能允许他们滥用职权
They should never be allowed to abuse their authority and position.
（4）不要这样工作，否则会把身体搞垮的。 Don’t abuse your health by working like that.
3. care about “在乎；在意；对。。。关心”
（1）这位黑人领袖说，他唯一关心的是黑人得到公平待遇。
The black leader said that the only thing he cared about was justice for his people.
（2）他只想到自己，不关心别人。
He thinks only of himself; he doesn’t care about other people.
（3）你怎么想不关我的事。I don’t care about what you think.
（4）你不怕丢掉工作吗？Don’t you care about losing your job?
【辨析】care about; 和care for 前者为“在乎；在意；对。。。关心”，后者表示“喜欢；对。。。感兴趣”
(1)上周我读了那首诗，不过我一点也不喜欢。
I read the poem last week but I didn’t care for it at all
(2)我不太喜欢骑自行车，我宁愿步行。
I don’t care for riding on a bike very much; I would rather go on foot.
4. pressure vt.“对。。。施加压力；强迫”
Pressure sb. to do sth. Pressure sb. into doing sth.
他们强迫他释放囚犯。They have pressured him into freeing the prisoners.
他被迫立即做出决定。He was pressured into making a decision immediately.
n. “压力;压迫”
（1）公众舆论的强大压力迫使他辞职了。
The strong pressure of the public opinion drove him from office.
（2）我们正努力给政府施压修改法律。
We are trying to put pressure on the government to change the law.
（3）由于工作上的压力，他不能来参加晚会。
He couldn’t come to the party because of pressure of work.
5. resist vi.&vt.
A:“抵抗；抗拒”
（1）他们奋力抵抗，但是埙失了大量的兵力和枪支。
They resisted desperately but lost a large number of guns and men.
（2）敌人抵抗不住都纷纷逃命了。
The enemy couldn’t resist any longer and ran for their lives.
（3）我顶住了他们想要影响我的所有企图。
I resisted all their attempts to influence me.
（4）这是一种耐高温的盘子。
It’s a kind of glass plate that resists heat.
B:“忍住；抵制；禁不住要” 常用于否定句，后接动名词。
（1）她情不自禁地拿他的光头开玩笑。
She couldn’t resist making jokes about his baldness.
（2）他觉得要克服购买这些书的欲望是困难的。
He found it hard to resist buying these books.
（3）在那些场合她总忍不住要笑。
She could hardly resist laughing on those occasions.
6.deserve “应得（奖惩等）” “值得（注意等）”
（1）这个问题值得我们注意。
This question deserves our attention.
（2）他受到了应得的惩罚。
He got the punishment he deserved
（3）这些看法值得认真考虑。
These views deserve serious consideration.
（4）我工作做得不多，不应当受到这样的表扬和荣誉。
I have done so little and I don’t deserve such praise and honour.
★【注意】deserve后接动名词的一般式时，其主语与动名词之间在逻辑上是被动关系