初中英语名词性从句.doc

名词性从句（这个应该不考吧）
名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。
一．主语从句
1. 主语从句的语序
主语从句要求使用陈述句语序，而非一般疑问句语序。如：
What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.
使我感到惊讶的是这个小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。
How he was successful is still a puzzle.
他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。
2. 连接词的选用
（1）that和what的选用
that和what都可引导主语从句。what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，可作从句的主语、宾语或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接词作用。如：
What he wants is a book. 他想要的是一本书。
That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 众所周知，光线沿直线运行。
（2）if和whether的选用
引导主语从句，不能用if，只能用whether。如：
Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.
我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。
（3）其它连接代词和副词的选用
根据主语从句的具体意义，正确的选择who, which, when, where, why, how等连接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。如：
When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. 我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。
Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear. 还不清楚昨天谁打破了玻璃。
Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。
（4）whatever / whoever的功用
whatever, whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义。它引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。whatever = anything that; whoever = anyone who。要注意和whatever, whoever引导的让步状语从句的区别。如：
Whoever breaks the law should be punished. （主语从句）（＝Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. ）
Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished. （让步状语从句）（＝No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished. ）
3. it构成的主语从句
（1）由连词that引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下会放到句子的后面，而用代词it作形式主语。如：
It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun. 众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
需要注意的是，it作形式主语代替主语从句时，要注意和as引导的定语从句的区别。试比较：
It was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack. （主语从句，有that，无逗号）
As was reported, the US was under the terrorist attack. （定语从句，无that，有逗号）上两句意为“据报道，美国遭到恐怖分子的袭击”。
（2）常见用it作形式主语的复合句结构
<a>It is a fact （a good idea / a pity / a shame / no wonder / good news…）that…如：
It's a pity that you missed the film. 你没有看那部电影真是太遗憾了。
<b> It is necessary （clear / true / strange/ important /wonderful / possible / likely…）that…
需要注意的是，这类主语从句中，谓语动词很多为“（should）＋动词原形”，即要用虚拟语气。如：
It is necessary that you （should）master the computer. 你很有必要掌握电脑。
It is important that a student learn English well. 学生学好英语很重要。
It's clear that they badly need help. 很明显，他们急需援助。
It is likely that a hurricane will arrive soon. 飓风很可能马上就要到达了。
<c>It is reported （well-known / hoped / thought / expected /said /believed/decided /suggested /ordered…）that…如：
It is said that he was killed in the earthquake. 据说他在地震中丧生了。
<d>It seems （happened / appears / doesn't matter / makes no difference / …）that …如：
It seems that they will win the game. 看起来他们好像会赢得这场比赛。
It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not. 他是否会参加会议都无关紧要。
4. 必背
用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多，有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有：
It is said that... 据说…… It is reported that... 据报导……
It is well known that... 众所周知…… It is announced that... 据宣布……
It is believed that... 人们相信…… It is thought that... 人们认为……
It is understood that... 自不待言…… It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……
It must be admitted that... 必须承认……
5. 否定转移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think I know you.　我想我并不认识你。
I don' t believe he will come.　我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
3) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。
I don't remember having ever seen such a man.我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…)
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。(anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)
4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.　(否定状语)　蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。
She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.　(否定状语many weeks)　她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。
6. 典型例题
主语从句是中学阶段的重点语法项目，也是高考的热点之一。为使同学们更好地掌握其用法，本文结合高考试题，对主语从句的考查热点进行梳理，以便帮助大家明确其命题特点，掌握答题技巧。
一、恰当选用连词
1. 考查连词that, whether, what等。
that引导主语从句时,只起连接句子的作用,本身没有词义,在从句中也不作句子成分,但通常不能省略。例如:
That the college will take in more new students this year is true. 今年这所大学将招收更多新生是真的。
whether引导主语从句时,表示主语从句意义的不确定性,在从句中不作句子成分,但有词义,作"是否"解。例如:
Whether he can finish his task on time is of great importance. 他是否能按时完成任务非常重要。一般说来,已经确定的事情常由that引导,没有决定的事情常由whether引导。
what引导主语从句时,意为"......的事物",相当于the thing(s) that。
[原题再现]
① ________ you don't like him is none of my business.
A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether
② After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth, ________ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.
A. where B. what C. that D. how
答案: ① C ② B
2.考查whatever, whoever, whichever, whomever等。
这些词在从句中不含疑问意义,它们引导主语从句时,whoever=the person who或anyone who;whatever=anything that;whichever意为"无论哪一个"。
[原题再现]
________ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who
答案: C
3. 考查where, when, how, why, wherever以及how many / how much / how far / how long / how soon等。
这些词本身有词义,并在从句中作状语。例如:
How they will solve the serious problem has not been decided. 他们将怎样解决这个严重问题还没有决定。
Where we can look up his address is still a problem. 我们在哪儿可以查到他的地址还是个难题。
Why he did that wasn't quite clear. 他为什么做那件事还不十分清楚。
How much water is flowing can be easily measured. 有多少水在流动很容易就能测出来。
二、it用来作形式主语
在某些情况下,可以由it作形式主语,而把真正的主语从句移到句子后面。
1. 谓语是seem, appear, be certain, be a pity, be a wonder, be one's hope, be likely等词或短语时。
[原题再现]
The Foreign Minister said, "________ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace."
A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is
答案: D
2. 用于It is suggested / required / ordered / demanded that...句型中,动词为表示命令、建议、要求等意义的词。主语从句应使用虚拟语气,谓语动词用"should + 动词原形",should可以省略。例如:
It is suggested that you (should) spend more time in studying English. 你应该花更多的时间学习英语。
3. 用于It is important / natural / necessary / impossible that...句型中,主语从句应使用虚拟语气,谓语动词用"should + 动词原形"的形式,should有时有感情色彩。例如:
[原题再现]
It is necessary that a college student ________ at least a foreign language.
A. masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master
答案: B
二．宾语从句（见此前传的）
三．表语从句
一、表语从句的定义：
表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。
二、表语从句的构成：
关联词+简单句
三、引导表语从句的关联词的种类：
1. 可接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, seem, sound, appear等。
China is no longer what she used to be.
今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。
The question remains whether they will be able to help us.
问题还是他们能否帮我们。
At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word.
当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。
2. 从属连词whether, as, as if / though引导的表语从句
He looked just as he had looked ten years before.
他看起来还与十年前一样。
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
3. because, why引导的表语从句
That's because he didn't understand me.
那是因为他没有理解我。　(That's because...强调原因)
That's why he got angry with me.
那正是他对我生气的原因。　(That's why...强调结果)
what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。
The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me.
我难过的原因是他没有理解我。
4. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：
The problem is who we can get to replace her.
问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
The question is how he did it.
问题是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.
那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
5. 从属连词that。如：
The trouble is that I have lost his address.
麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
6. 使用虚拟语气的表语从句
在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用"should+动词原形" 表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan, idea等。
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow.
我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
四、应注意的问题：
1. 连系动词be，appear，seem，look等之后可以跟表语从句。
It was because he didn't pass the exam.
那是因为他没有通过考试。
It seems（that）he was late for the train.
看来他没搭上火车。
It appears that she was wrong.
看来她错了。
It seems to me that we should answer for this.
在我看来，我们似乎应该对此事负责。
It appears to her that he wants to teach us all he has.
在她看来，他似乎要把他所会的都教给我们。
2. 引导表语从句的引导词有以下几类。
1）wh-疑问词
My question is who left.
我想问的是谁离开了。
What I wonder is when he left.
我想知道他是何时离开的。
That's what he wants.
那是他想要的。
This is where they once lived.
这就是他们曾经住过的地方。
That is why he didn't come here. 这就是他为何没到这儿来的原因。
2）whether
My question is whether he left（or not）. 我的问题是他是否离开了。
注：if不能引导表语从句。
3）that
The fact is that he left. 事实是他离开了。
注：引导表语从句的连词that间或可以省略。
The truth is（that）I didn't go there. 事实是我没去那儿。
4）because，as，as if，as though
It's just because he doesn't know her. 这是仅仅因为他不认识她。
Things are not always as they seem to be. 事物并不总是如其表象。
He looks as if he's tired. 他好像累了。
［考题1］
　　The traditional view is ____ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (2007上海)
　　A. when B. why C. whether D. that
　　［答案］ D
　　［解析］ 下划线处之后是包含一个原因状语从句的表语从句， 如果看不出它是充当整个句子结构的表语从句将难以把握整个句子的意思。因此， 应选择可引导名词性从句且不充当任何成分的that。
［考题2］
　　You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ____ I disagree. (2004)
　　A. why B. where C. what D. how
　　［答案］ B
　　［解析］ 下划线处的引导词引导系动词is后的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当地点状语(“disagree”属于不及物动词， “I disagree”本身是完整的主谓结构)， 下划线应填入引导词where， 表语从句“where I disagree”的意思是“我不同意之处、 我不同意的地方”。
［考题3］
　　— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
　　— Is that ____ you had a few days off? (1999)
　　A. why B. when C. what D. where
　　［答案］ A
　　［解析］ 下划线处的引导词引导与系动词is连用的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当原因状语， 下划线应填入表示“因此……”(指因某种原因所造成的结果)的引导词why。
［考题4］
　　____ she couldn’t understand was ____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. (2000上海)
　　A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that
　　［答案］ A
　　［解析］ 第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当宾语， 特指她所不理解的事情， 应填入关系代词型的引导词what； 第二个下划线处表示“因此……”(指因某种原因所造成的后果， 由why引导对应的名词性从句)而不是“为什么……”(指原因、 理由， 由because引导对应的名词性从句)， 应填入引导词why。
［考题5］
　　____ made the school proud was ____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. (2003上海春)
　　A. What; because B. What; that
　　C. That; what D. That; because
　　［答案］ B
　　［解析］ 第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当主语， 特指令校方骄傲的事情， 应选用关系代词型的引导词what； 第二个下划线处引导表语从句表示原因、 理由， 应由that引导对应的名词性从句。
［考题6］
　　— Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
　　— Oh, that’s ____. (2003北京春)
　　A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about
　　C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited
　　［答案］ A
　　［解析］ A选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的事物”； B选项的意思是“我觉得激动的任何事物”； C选项的意思是“我对它感觉的方式”； D选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的时间”。四个选项中A最适合跟代表“game”的主语that对应， 充当表语从句。

四．同位语从句
在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）中的主要从句之一，也是中学英语学习中的重点语法知识点之一。在使用同位语从句时，应注意以下五个方面：
　　一、同位语从句在句中的位置
　　1. 一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词（如news, idea, fact, promise, hope, message等）的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。例如：
　　The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly. 我们女排赢得冠军的消息大大地鼓舞了我们所有人。
　　I've come from Mr Wang with a message that he won't be able to see you this afternoon. 我从王先生那边得知一个消息，他说他今天下午不能来看你了。
　　2. 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。例如：
　　The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home. 她突然想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上。
　　The story goes that he failed in the College Entrance Examinations again. 据说他高考又落榜了。
　　二、同位语从句前名词的数
　　同位语从句前的名词通常用单数形式，并且往往带有限定词（word除外）加以修饰。例如：
　　Where did you get the idea that I could not come? 你在哪儿听说我不能来？
　　Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening. 答应我，你今天晚上要来参加我们的晚会。
　　Word came that China launched its first manned spaceship on Oct 15, 2003. 消息传来，中国于2003年10月15日首次成功发射了载人飞船。
　　三、同位语从句连接词的选用
　　在英语中，引导同位语从句的词通常有连词（that, who, whether），连接副词（how, when, where）等。例如：
　　They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
　　The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该做这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
　　We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 我们还没有决定到什么地方去度暑假。
　　注：在名词doubt“怀疑”后的同位语从句用whether连接；在no doubt“不怀疑”之后的同位语从句用that连接。例如：
　　We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time. 我们怀疑他们是否能准时完成任务。
　　There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise. 我们相信张卫会守信的。
　　同位语从句：that
　　有些名词的后面可以接that引导的同位语从句：
　　We came to the decision that we must act at once. 我们做出决定：我们必须立即行动。
　　He made a proposal that the meeting be postpone. 他提议会议延期。
　　There was little hope that he would survive. 他幸存的希望很小。
　　以下名词常用于以上句型：
　　advice, announcement, argument, belief, claim, conclusion, decision, evidence, explanation, fact, feeling, hope, idea, impression, information, knowledge, message, news, opinion, order, probability, promise, proposal, remark, reply, report, saying, statement, suggestion, thought, treat, warning, wish, word
　　同位语从句：whether
　　whether可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用whether作为引导词。
　　He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there. 他还没有做出决定是否去那里。
　　I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job. 他是否适合这件工作我有点怀疑。
　　同位语从句：what
　　what可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用what作为引导词
　　I have no idea what he is doing now. 我不知道他现在在干什么。
　　同位语从句：how
　　how可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用how作为引导词
　　It's a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
　　同位语从句：who等
　　who, whom, which, when, where, why用来引导同位语从句
　　The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
　　She raised the question where we could get the fund. 她提出这个问题：我们到哪儿去搞这笔资金。
　　四、同位语从句的语气
　　在suggestion, advice, request, order等意为“建议；命令；要求”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should +动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，句中的should可以省略。例如：
　　Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should) use the computer. 老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。
　　The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule (should) be adopted. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出来的。
　　The government gave the order that all these houses (should) be pulled down in three weeks. 政府下令三个星期内所有这些房子都要拆掉。
　　五、同位语从句与定语从句的用法区别
　　同位语从句和定语从句的区别（1）
　　同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系；而定语从句是用来修饰先行词，是从属的关系。
　　同位语从句和定语从句的区别（2）
　　that在同位语从句中没有词义，不充当句子成分；而在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。
　　同位语从句和定语从句的区别（3）
　　whether, what, how可以用来引导同位语从句；而它们不能用来引导定语从句。
　　同位语从句和定语从句的区别（4）
　　一 从词义角度看问题
　　who, whom, which, when, where, why用来引导同位语从句是保持原来疑问词的含义；它们用来引导定语从句时，不具有疑问词的含义。
　　二 从搭配角度看问题
　　who, whom, which, when, where, why用来引导定语从句时对应性很强，如：
　　先行词是“人”，引导词用“who”等，而它们引导同位语从句是先行词通常是“question, idea, doubt等”。
　　六、典型例题
　　例1：I have no idea when he will be back.
　　析：he will be back意义不完整，应加"什么时候"的含义才能表达idea的全部内容，因此应用when引导同位语从句。
　　例2：I have no impression how he went home,perhaps by bike.
析：he went home意义不完整，应加"如何"的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此应用how引导同位语从句。
　　　　例4：She heard a terrible noise,____ brought her heart into her mouth.(MET91)
　　A.it B.which C.this D.that
　　析：答案为B。分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为a terrible noise，且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于：
　　I can't stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly.
　　A.it B.which C.this D.that
　　析：答案为D。she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的内容，且the terrible noise不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。【考例四】Is this the reason________at the meeting for his carelessness in his work？
　　A. he explained B. what he explained
　　C. how he explained D. why he explained
　　【解析】本题选A。he explained 为定语从句，省去了关系代词that或which。
【考例二】________is no po