初中英语语法——三大从句汇总(重点笔记).doc

初中英语语法——三大从句汇总
在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。以下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点
A、定语从句专项讲解与训练

一、定语从句概念
定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。
定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例：
The woman who lives next door is a teacher.
先行词 定语从句
在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。

二、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示：
先行词 主格 宾格 所有格
人 who whom whose
物 which which whose of which
人、物 that that —

（一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法
who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如：
An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。
I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。
Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。
whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如：
Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗？
This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。
The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。（在非正式英语中，主格who代替了宾格whom，亦可省略）
whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。例如：
The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。
Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字，你知道吗？（关系代词whose指代先行词hotel，正式用法应该用of which。whose window=the window of which，意思是：the window of the hotel。）

（二）关系代词which的用法
which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：
I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.
我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。（which可以换成that）
Tom works for a factory which makes watches.
汤姆在一个制表厂工作。（which可以换成that）
（三）关系代词that的用法
that既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：
Is she the girl that sells newspapers?
她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗？（that可以换成who）
Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?
放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了？（that可以换成which）
Is this the book that you want to buy?
这是你要买的那本书吗？ （that可以换成which，在定语从句作宾语，还可以省略）

三、关系副词引导的定语从句
常用的关系副词只有三个：when, where, why，在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀：
the time when
the place where
the reason why
（一）关系副词when的用法
关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句作时间状语。例如：
In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.
北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。（when先行词是months）
Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace?
你还记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗？（when先行词是day， 当代英语里when可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示时间的关系副词）
I haven’t seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.
自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。（when先行词是year，同样when可以用that代替）

（二）关系副词where的用法
关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定语从句作地点状语。例如：
During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.
春节期间，我回到了生我养我的家乡。（where的先行词是town）
This is the place where Li Bai once lived.
这是李白曾经生活过的地方。（where先行词是place）
上面这个句子不可以将where改为that，因为that不能作为表示地点的关系副词。试比较下句： This is the place that Li Bai once visited.
这是李白曾经游览过的地方。（that的先行词同样是place，但这个that是关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，还可以用which替换）

（三）关系副词why的用法
关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因，why在定语从句作原因状语。例如：
The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.
我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。（why先行词是reason， 当代英语里why可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示原因的关系副词，还可以将why省略）
This is the reason why he came late to school.
这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因。（why先行词是reason，why可以用that替代，还可以省略）
注意：如果上面的句子将the reason省略，那么这个句子就变成了（This is why he came late to school. ）表语从句，句子意思丝毫未变。

四、特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句
as是个比较特殊的关系代词，一是用在某些句型搭配里，二是独立于主句之外。下面分别讲解。
（一）在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中，as引导定语从句
You may take as many books as you want.
你想要拿多少书就拿多少。（第一个as是副词，修饰many的；第二个as才是关系代词，代替先行词books，在定语从句中作宾语）
I have got such a computer as yours.
我有一台你这样的电脑。（as是关系代词，代替先行词computer，在定语从句中作表语，因为yours后省略了is ）
I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.
我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。（as是关系代词，代替先行词place，在定语从句中作表语，因为Guilin后省略了is ）

（二）独立于主句之外，as引导定语从句
As we know,
the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知，地球围绕太阳旋转。
As is known to us,
（As we know和 As is known to us均为定语从句，as分别作宾语和主语，替代后面的主句。）
Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China.
你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。（关系代词as指代整个主句，在定语从句中作宾语。）

五、关系代词who, which与that的区别
（一）关系代词who与that的区别
1. 当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格who。例如：
He who loses hope loses all.
失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时，多用who）
I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.
我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。（在非限制性定语从句中，用who）
2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格whom，不用that。例如：
The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.
我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。（介词与关系代词紧密相连时，只能用宾格whom，不可用主格who）
注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用主格who，也可用that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法：
(1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
(2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
(3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
(4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
第4句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多。
3. 当关系代词泛指人时，多用that。例如：
He is a man that is never afraid of failure.
他是个从不怕失败的人。（that用来泛指人）
4. 当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如：
Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?
用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁？（避免重复使用who，以免造成误解或语义含混不清）

（二）关系代词which与that的区别
1. 当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything等时，关系代词多用that。例如：
All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金。
She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。
2. 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时，关系代词一般都用that。例如：
This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的一部小说。
He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人。
3. 当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如：
Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆？（这里使用that很明显是为了避免重复which）
4. 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用which。例如：
Beijing, which is the capital of the People’s Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games. 北京是中华人民共和国的首都，将主办2008年奥运会。
5. 介词后的关系代词用which，而不用that。例如：
She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了600张邮票，其中60％是德国邮票。

六、定语从句的位置
如前所述，定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时候，定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语，这样它们被分隔了，这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。例如：
There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad.
楼上有一个女孩，大喊大叫。很明显，她疯了。（定语从句who was shouting and crying修饰the girl，被upstairs所隔开）
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了。（定语从句置于句末以示强调）

B、宾语从句
宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语，将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下：
  　　一，引导词
  　　A：由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。
  　　例：I told him that he was wrong.
  　　l在think,believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。
  　　例：I don’t think you are right. (我认为你做的不对)
  　　l在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。
  　　例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)
  　　B：由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否…”的宾语从句。Whether,if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。
  　　例：I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.
  　　The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.
  　　l在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导
  　　例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。
  　　l宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.
  　　例：I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.
  　　l和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.
  　　例：Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.
  　　C：由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who,whom,whose, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。
  　　例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语)
  　　I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)
  　　二：宾语从句的语序，
  　　宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分
  　　例：I believe that they will come soon.
  　　He asked me whether I was a teacher.
  　　They wanted to know what they can do for us.
  　　三：宾语从句的时态。
  　　宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，
  　　既：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。
  　　主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。
  　　例:
  　　1)She says that she is a student.
  　　She said that she was a student.
  　　2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.
  　　She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.
  　　3)She says that she has finished her homework already.
  　　She said that she had finished her homework already.
  　　4)She says that she can sing a song in English.
  　　She said that she could sing a song in English.
  　　l如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。
  　　例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
  　　He told me that Japan is an island country.
  　　lCould you tell me…是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。
  　　例：Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum?
  　　注意事项：
  　　u由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。
  　　例：She said: “I have been to England before.”
  　　She said that she had been to England before.
  　　She asked me: “Do you like maths?”
  　　She asked me if I liked maths.
  　　u宾语从句与简单句的交换。
  　　由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用“疑问词+不定式
  　　”做宾语的简单句结构。
  　　例：I don’t know what I should do next.
  　　I con’t know what to do next.
  　　He didn’t know where he would live.
  　　He didn’t know where to live.
  　　DO SOME EXERCISES:
  　　1.Can you see________?
  　　A. what he’s reading B. what is he reading
  　　C. what does he read D. he reads what
  　　2.Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?(合并成一个句子)
  　　Do you know_____Jack _____from Japan?
  　　3._What did your son say in the letter?
  　　_He told me that he___ the Disney would the next day
  　　A.will visit B. has visited
  　　C. is going to visit D. would visit
  　　4.He didn’t know__________
  　　A.what’s the matter B.what the matter is
  　　C. what was the matter D. what the matter was
  　　5.Somebody called you just now,but I didn’t know____
  　　A.who were they B. who they were
  　　C. who was it D. who it was
  　　6.I want to know_____
  　　A.what is his name B. what’s his name
  　　C. that his name is D. what his name is
  　　7.---Could you tell me ___she is looking for?
  　　---Her cousin,susan.
  　　A.that B.whose C .who D.which
  　　8.---What are you searching the Internet for?
  　　---I’m trying to find out____.
  　　A.What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLU
  　　B.How many persons have died in Iraq
  　　C.How to protect our environment
  　　D.Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea
  　　9.Do you know___________?(谁正在唱歌)
  　　10.Do you know___________?(她正在和谁谈话)
  　　11.Do you know___________?(昨天发生了什么事)
  　　The keys: 1 A.2 if ,comes.3D. 4 C. 5 D. 6 D. 7 C. 8 B
  　　9 who is singing
  　　10 who she is talking with
  　　11 what happened yesterday

C、同位语从句
(一) 概念
一般来说，在主从复合句中,用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它通常跟在某些名词之后，用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有：advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word（消息），problem， question, doubt, thought等。例如：
They were delighted at the news that their team had won.
当听到他们队获胜的消息时，他们欣喜若狂。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你从哪儿听说我不能来？
有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如：
The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book.
他突然想起汤姆可能已经还了书了。
（二）引导词
[寻规找矩] 请仔细观察下列句子，注意从句引导词的用法。
1. The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.
2. He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there.
3. The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.
4. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.
5. We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.
6. I have no idea how I can get to the railway station.
7. I have no idea when he will be back．
[小结归纳]
① that引导同位语从句时无词义，也不充当任何成分，但通常不可以省略，如句1；
② whether引导同位语从句时意为“是否”，通常不能用if来代替,如句2;
③ 连接代词who, what等可以引导同位语从句，如句3， 4；
④ 连接副词where, how, when等可以引导同位语从句， 如句5，6，7。
(三) that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句
① 意义不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；而定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词。试比较：
1. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.
2. The news that you told us is really encouraging.
[分析] 句1中that引导同位语从句，说明“news”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。
句2中that引导定语从句，对“news”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。
② that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句时，不仅起连接作用，而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。试比较：
1. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test.
2. Dad made a promise that excited all his children.
[分析] 句1中 that引导 同位语从句，其中that无词义，也不充当任何成分；
句2中that引导定语从句，that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语，且that可以用which替换。
③ 可否省略：that在引导同位语从句时，通常不可省略。在引导定语从句时，若在从句中作宾语，通常可以省略，若作主语则不可以省略。
[即学即用]
I． 请用适当的词填空，使下列句子意思完整。
1. They expressed the hope _______ they would come over to China soon.
2. The fact _______ he didn’t see Tom this morning is true.
3. Word has come _______ some American guests will come to our college for a visit next week.
4. He can’t answer the question _______ he got the money from his home yesterday.
5. Do you have any idea _______ is actually going on in the classroom?
6. The problem _______ we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once.
II. 下列各句中均有一处错误，请改正。
1. Our team has won the game, that made us very happy.
2. I’ve come with a message from Mr Wang how he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.
3. He must answer the question if he agrees with what she said or not.
4. I’ve read the book where you gave me the day before yesterday.
5. One of the men held the pinion when what the book said was right.
III． 把下列句子翻译成英语。
1. 我向他许诺说我一到北京就给他写信。
2. 他经常问我这个问题，那就是这个工作是否值得做。
3. 他什么也不说，这一事实使大家都感到惊奇。
4. 在我看来，他刚才告诉我的这个消息是真实的。
5. 他突然想起他本来应该去接儿子的。

Key:
I. 1. that 2. that 3. that 4. how 5. what
6. whether
II. 1 that→which 2. how→that 3. if→whether
4. where→that / which或省略where
5. when→that 6. that→how
III. 1. I made a promise that I would write to him as soon as I got to Beijing.
2. He often asked me the question whether the work was worth doing.
3. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
4. In my opinion, the news (that / which) he told me just now is true．
5. A thought suddenly came to him that he should have picked up his son.

D、 状语从句的种类
§ 1状语从句的种类
用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为：
1.时间状语从句2.地点状语从句；3.原因状语从句；4.条件状语从句；5.目的状语从句；6.让步状语从句；7.比较状语从句；8.程度状语从句；9.方式状语从句；10.结果状语从句。
§2状语从句的时态特点
一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。
二 时间状语从句
§3时间状语从句（adverbial clause of time）
1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。
【区别】when, while和as的区别：when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。

While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如：
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生)
As表示“一边……一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。
As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）
2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是